Reaction Paper on Trust Doctrine on Intergenerational Responsibility

REACTION PAPER ON TRUST DOCTRINE OF INTERGENERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY by Felrose Lynn V. Acenas We are poised right at the edge of some very major changes on Earth. Maybe it is indeed safe to say that we really are a geological force that's changing the  planet. Within the lifetimes of today's children, scientists say, the climate could reach a state unknown in  civilization. Whether we accept it or not, Climate Change is upon us. It is good to know that many of us are active in bringing about change and are concerned with the environment.Climate Change is a major problem and various entities around the world are doing their best to address this problem. This is why Trust Doctrine is proposed, it is for the litigation of climate change issues with an emphasis on the rights of future generations. The public trust doctrine provides a method whereby environmental lawyers can bring suit against governments on behalf of current and future generations. Deriving from the common law of pr operty, the public trust doctrine is the most fundamental legal mechanism to ensure that government safeguards natural resources necessary for public welfare and survival.In the context of the climate crisis, which threatens the life of innumerable human beings into the future, the public trust doctrine functions as a judicial tool to ensure that the political branches of government protect the basic right to life held by citizens. An ancient yet enduring legal principle, it underlies modern statutory law. At the core of the doctrine is the principle that every sovereign government holds vital natural resources in â€Å"trust† for the public. As trustee, government must protect the natural trust for present and future generations.It must not allow irrevocable harm to critical resources by private interests. In the Oposa Vs Factoran Case, the petitioners, all minors, sought the help of the Supreme Court to order the respondent, the Secretary of DENR, to cancel all existing Tim ber License Agreement in the country and to cease and desist from receiving, accepting, processing, renewing or approving the new TLAs. They alleged that the massive commercial logging in the country is causing vast abuses on rainforest.They furthered the rights of their generation and the rights of the generations yet unborn to a balanced and healthful ecology. The Supreme Court decided in the Affirmative. Under Section 16, Article II of the 1987 Constitution it states that: The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful; ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Needless to say, every generation has a responsibility to the next to preserve that rhythm and harmony for the full enjoyment of a balanced and healthful ecology.Put a little differently, the minor’s assertion to their right to a sound environment constitutes, at the same time, the performance of their obligation to ensure the protection of that right for the g enerations to come. This is an eye opener, If these minors did their part, how much more those with discernment, and especially those who are legally knowledgeable. We must all remember that we all have an intergenerational responsibility to our future generations.

Apple Background of Company

Apple background of company — Presentation Transcript 1. Background of companyApple Inc. , formerly Apple Computer, Inc. , is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, computer software, and commercial servers. Apple was established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 and incorporated January 3, 1977. The company's best-known hardware products include Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. For reasons as various as its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design to its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry.This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States. Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008 and in the world in 2008, 2009, and 2010. 2. Comparing a Steve Jobs presentation is nearly impossible. He’s in a league all his own. In my opinion, Apple chi ef executive Steve Jobs is the most charismatic pitchman in business today. His presentations are brilliant demonstrations of visual storytelling that motivate customers, employees, investors, and the entire computer industry.Before Steve Wozniak co-founded Apple, he was an electronics hacker. 3. Objective of the company To obtain stellar products and services within tight timeframe, at a cost that represent the best possible value to our customers and shareholders. 4. Current mission statementApple ignited the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the Apple II and reinvented the personal computer in the 1980s with the Macintosh. Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings. . Comment†¦Apple Computer, Inc. is the mission statement is good because they committed to bring out the quality product of persona l computer through their customers needed. Apple always upgrade through with innovative, contemporary and modern technology product. The apple mission statement show that they have an own way in strategy to make a more profit and growth through their business in the future. 6. Proposed mission statementThe Apple Computer, Inc. ission statement is to bringing the greatest personal computing realization to the all kind of people around the world with their own life style. Apple came out with the variety kind of product through its innovation hardware, software, and Internet offerings. The market strategies evolved should be economical, efficient, durable, and flexible and allow the Apple to respond rapidly to both market and customer needs. And, we will keep on top of today's and tomorrow’s technology, no matter how fast it moves, to ensure our Customers always have the best tools available to them.

Ghost dance essay

Christopher Brace's choreography around this time how the themes link together. How does the movement support these themes (2 parts) and how has Christopher Bruce used costume to enhance the communication of the themes. Christopher Bruce created ghost Dances in 1981 with the Dance Company Rambler dance company. Christopher first inspiration Lineman.He met Joan Jar- Victor Jar (famous folk singer, actor, performer) who was a widow, he was murdered in 1973 coup, it was the story he heard about the stories in chillier, wanted to sake a dance piece which suggested the suffering and the innocent people that got caught up in the violence and the persecution. The defiance, ‘doesn't matter how many times your knock people down, If they have a strong core they will get up again† no one matter how much there lives are effected by tragedy they still have dignity.One of the two main themes that are seen throughout the dance are suffering, persecution of the innocent and defiance and fighting for justice â€Å"No matter the trauma & suffering people will stand up for what Is right† Although the music and costumes are based on a Chilean background. It has a universal story and you can link It with worldwide Issues that also deal with suffering and persecution. Although the social message is important It is not emphasized at the expense of theatricality and the presentation is varied with contrasting sections in which the Dead are seen reenacting moments of happiness in their lives.Also another huge theme Is Freedom/democracy. Bruce, typically maintains the universality of his subject and It has much wider resonance. The dead could represent Aslant or European communities as well as American. As her said in an interview in the Houston Post (22nd may 1988) Although it has a south American setting, it universal story. You could parallel It with Poland or Afghanistan: cruelty, lack of human rights, people who suffer. So In a sense, Its Indirectly political, bu t It very much about humanity and just about how people get caught up, suffer and die.Movement The movement of Ghost Dances is based on folk dance combined with Christopher Brace's own training in classical ballet and Martha Graham based modern dance. Most of Ghost dances have motifs that recur through out that dance hat would stand out as a key movement phrase. One of the mall dancers all form a chain; they all link together by their arms. With there legs apart and feet firmly on the ground. The dancers change direction to look stage left. The Ghost Dancers move forward breaking away from the link, which soon reforms.This time they perform a series of steps to the side with one legs crossing behind the other and with the foot of the extended leg always flexed. The movements are dynamically strong and powerful, acrobatic and alert with sudden movements of stillness giving the impression of listening. Another key movement phrase which is strong and defiant proud phrase performed by v arious dancers. When first seen, performed by the men in Hajji, it is a weightily, squatting movement followed by steps to the side.With their feet parallel and apart and their arms starched out ahead of their bodies, palms facing inwards as though surrounding a space, the dancers perform a sharp pile as an arresting movement , their weight clearly dropping purposefully, with a downward thrust of energy. In the Crusading this movement phrase begins with the woman in red dancing the defiant signature hears, followed by an heroic step which suggests defiance, both which become the basic motifs of the dance. In this brisk movement the right leg is lifted in an attitude deviant but with flexed foot while raised, the right over the head, the left in front of the body.This together with the heroic defiant gestures of the dancers, particularly at the outset of the number, gives it a more positive and hopeful mood than the other dances. This step in most clearly seen performed by the women at the start of Adolescence. Costumes The Ghost dancers costumes, represented as figures of death, are mechanized skeletal creatures in skull-masks with matted hair, their near naked bodies painted with water based make up to outline the muscle groups and emphasize bone structure.Apart from their masks and body paint, the ghost dancers' costumes consist of black bands of loose rags and feather round their waists, upper arms, wrists and Just below their knees. The skull masks cover their full face, they were inspired by photographers of Bolivian masks with hair and feather attached. The ghost dancers' masks are modeled, pained and textured to suggest the last shred of flesh might still be attached. They have large dark eyeless. This places an emphasis on the empty sockets while enabling the dancers to see clearly through their masks.The dead; The disheveled appearance of the Dead suggests ordinary people who have been through trauma. The idea behind their costumes was that they shoul d embody a sense of transition, hence they are half complete and half in a state of disintegration- ragged and torn. They give the impression of being everyday clothes but are requires. The clothes that they wear suggest that they are from a south American background. The three woman wear dresses, the cost mature in red, the youngest in white and the third is usually in a turquoise and brown dress.These dresses are subtly textured, with applique © layers around the areas of transitions between solid and transparent to enhance their ragged beauty. Conclusion Ghost Dances is a one-act work in which three skeletal Ghost dancers await a group of dead who will re-enact moments of their lives before passing on. Created By Christopher Bruce who wanted to show the story of the lives of the South Americans but also show a universal theme of suffering, persecution and freedom/democracy

Scientific Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Scientific Method - Essay Example According to a survey conducted by American farm policy as documented by Blatt (2008), the increase in obesity in the American society is not caused by eating more food, but by eating more processed food instead of fresh farm produce. As outlined by Deutsch (2010) most Americans obtain their food supplies from supermarkets and grocery stores and it is important to establish whether they just prefer processed food, or there is reduced availability of fresh farm produce. The following study will conduct a survey on three supermarkets on the quantity of processed foods in kilograms and compare them with the quantity of processed foods in kilograms. The three grocery stores were visited from 1pm to 2pm on 1st and 2nd which was on Thursday and Friday Most Americans buy their weekly supplies during weekends and a previous inquiry from the managers revealed that by Thursday and Friday they are always fully stocked in readiness for the weekend shoppers. The study employed the services of two high school teenagers who went to two grocery stores while the researcher personally went to one store. The researchers were supposed to visit the grocery section of both processed and fresh cereals and then record the quantity of foodstuffs in each section in kilograms. They researchers were provided with scientific calculators to convert units that were not in kilograms to kilograms. The researchers were also given excel sheets (sample provided in Figure 1) with separate sections for processed and fresh foods. Each section had provisions for recording the type of cereal and the quantity in kilograms. After the collection of data, the data was computed and presented in a percentage form to show which type of cereals had the highest percentage and whether the difference was significant. Percentages for each grocery store was also computed to

Governments talk about regulating the Internet and taxing Ecommerce Essay

Governments talk about regulating the Internet and taxing Ecommerce. a) what problems might governments encounter in regulating the internet b) what dif - Essay Example Going by current practices, "regulation [has] largely confined itself to the physical boundaries of the regulating state" (Thierer & Crews). The Internet however, makes physical boundaries irrelevant. Legal boundaries determining the rights and obligations of users and questions of jurisdiction in cases of violation of country specific laws all remain contentious issues. If User A in Country A, were to commit an illegal act over the internet terminating in Country B, who would have jurisdiction to prosecute User A What would be the status if the said illegal act were not to be illegal in Country A Since the Internet is global, are the regulations global too Internet regulations therefore would have to keep many such considerations in mind. Any one country cannot possibly hope to legislate on behalf of the entire world, given the ubiquitous nature of the internet. Similarly, questions arise as to whether separate regulations for the Internet are required at all, or whether rules and r egulations already existing and applicable to the 'physical world' would suffice. Given the globalized nature of international trade, many of the issues of jurisdiction have already been addressed by trans-national laws.

Mammalian Stem Cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mammalian Stem Cells - Research Paper Example However, research has raised ethical and religious issues which oppose the duplication of body tissues. Our research shows that the benefit of mammalian stem cell culture has increasingly become important over the years in the production of antibodies, hormones and other vaccines essential for the treatment of various body ailments. Introduction Stem cells are found throughout the body of an animal. They occur in numerous numbers in the tissues such as the brain, adipose and the muscles. Stem cells help in maintaining the functioning and integrity of the tissues throughout the lifetime of an organism. This is because their main role is the replacement of the differentiated cells which are lost through attrition or other damages. Mammalian stem cells have the capacity of proliferating while maintaining their primitive states. In addition, they also differentiate into other specialized lineage. Due to their expansion and differentiation capabilities, there is high promise in the develo pment of cell based models of human diseases. This is because such diseases can be treated during the cell replacement therapies. Engineers and researchers have developed a theoretical approach and other cell culture systems. All this technologies are vital in the control of stem cell fate which is the ultimate goal to scale up the clinical grade during the production of stem cell therapies. Advancement of stem cells science and broadening of cell culture technology has led to arising of therapies and tissue engineering. This paper work gives an overview of tissue engineering and therapies of mammalian stem cells. It describes the current progress and prospect of stem cells research and its potential application in the medical treatment. Discussion Stem cell technologies and tissue engineering have currently emerged rapidly with an approach of addressing disease problems and other serious body complications. The two technologies are the interdisciplinary fields that use the principl e of bioengineering and other sciences towards assembling of the stem cells. This is important in restoring, maintaining and improving the functioning of the cell following their damage by disease or other traumatic processes. It is, therefore, easy to manage incurable diseases and loss of tissue through the successful therapies of artificial transplant of body organs. The general principles of stem cell engineering and tissue therapy are the combination of living cells with other synthetic scaffold to build three dimension living cells. The three dimensional cell structures aid in guiding the growth, organization and differentiation of cells. Synthetic scaffold should be biocompatible and designed in a way that it assists in meeting the nutritional and biological needs of different cells on the body. Their growth factors should be made of soluble peptides that are capable of binding the cellular receptors that provide permissive or preventive response of the cell towards differenti ation of the body tissue (Kim and Evans 12). Therapy And Tissue Engineering Fundamentals The concept of tissue engineering started in 1933 when tumor cells from the mouse demonstrated survival ability when they were implanted in the abdominal cavity of an embryo chick. Few decades later the chick’s pancreatic beta cells demonstrated that they responded by releasing insulin depending on the concentration of glucose in the body. In 1980, through the principle of tissue enginee

Why do cannibals eat their deceased family Essay

Why do cannibals eat their deceased family - Essay Example There were two types of cannibalism: exocannibalism (eating members of an enemy group), and endocannibalism (eating members of one's own group). Endocannibalism symbolized very different things: reverence for the dead, an incorporation of the spirit of the dead into living descendants, or a means of insuring the separation of the soul from the body. Endocannibalism is often associated with ritual burial ceremonies and has been controversially referred to on occasion as "compassionate cannibalism." Mortuary cannibalism has been considered to be the most widely practiced form of endocannibalism, often excluding murder and focusing on already deceased corpses (Arens 18-35). Cannibals would eat their deceased family members to acquire qualities, show respect and gain virtue of the deceased. There have been reports of such cases in Latin America, Australia, India, China, Papua New Guinea. Latin America. The Wari' (tribe on the territory of Brazil), prior to about 1960, ate as much of the corpse of a dead person as they could. If a corpse was too decayed to eat, most of it was cremated, which was believed to be superior to burial. For the Wari', allowing a loved one to be put in cold, wet ground was as horrifying a notion as cannibalism is to us. In various myths, Wari' are told that humans are eaten as a step in a cycle in which humans also eat animals. At the moment when a body is dismembered, it was believed that its spirit was reawakened by ancestral spirits in the underworld (Conklin 210-234). A Mayoruna man once expressed a wish to remain in his village and be eaten by his children after his death rather than be consumed by worms in the white man's cemetery. In recent times the Panoan, Yanomamo, and other lowland groups have consumed the ground-up bones and ashes of cremated kinsmen in an act of mourning. This still is classified as endocannibalism, although, strictly speaking, "flesh" is not eaten. The Yanomam mix the bones and ashes with plantain soup before consuming the mixture. The Cashibos eat their aged parents, but perhaps more from religious sentiment than from cruelty. Before their conversion, it was the practice of the Cocomas of the Hualaga to eat their dead relations, and to swallow the ground-up bones in fermented drinks, on the plea that it was better to be inside a warm friend than buried in the cold earth. Theories that a lack of protein in the South American tropical forest environment stimulated cannibalism have not received support from recent studies showing that tropical forest tribes have a more-than-adequate protein intake and are successful hunters despite environmental limitations (Metraux 383-409). Australia. In Australia, cannibalism was mostly practiced to gain the powers of the particular person who was being eaten. Some tribes ate their enemies only, some their own people, and some both. When tribes ate their enemies, they only ate certain body parts, such as the brain, heart, legs, or tongue. The brain was eaten for knowledge, the heart for courage and power, the legs were only eaten in the case of swift runners, for speed, and the sweat and tongue were consumed for bravery. When tribes ate their own people, family members would eat small portions of fat from their dead relative as a sign of respect. Only people of worth were eaten. People who died of disease or

Given the current economic downturn argue the case for AND against Essay

Given the current economic downturn argue the case for AND against employers maintaining work life balance initiatives - Essay Example Therefore, complains from different families and housewives have triggered discussions concerning the issue of work-life balance. Scholars have also tried to support the idea of work-life and work-family balance form the point of view that; there is critical importance of play and relaxation in the generation of mental energy (Guest, 2002: 261). Others have also argued from the point of view of the proverb that says ‘All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy’. With the current economic downturn, there are a lot of activities that a person can engage in other than concentrating on work only. Statistics also show that the rate of family break ups in the United States is exceptionally high due to work reasons. Husbands have all their time taken by work without setting aside time for family and other extra-curricular activities. Scholars also assert that the productivity at work is directly related to the social life of a person (Clutterback, 2003: 1). Therefore, work-balan ce is an issue that has gained attention over the recent past years. Studies conducted have shown that imbalance of employees’ lives and their work creates a lot of problems to both the organization and their families. Some of the problems reported noticed from employees include absenteeism due to stress, failure to retain talent, insufficient initiative and creativity, low levels of customer service, unethical behaviour and low commitment and motivation (Chick, 2004). Other conflicts involved with work-life imbalance include role overload, work-family interference and family-work interference. Role overload occurs when there are a lot of responsibilities both at home and work. Therefore, it becomes difficult for the individual to perform well at any of the roles. On the other hand, work-family interference conflict occurs when an individual is overwhelmed by work duties until he neglects his family responsibilities. With family-work interference, family responsibilities beco me more demanding making an individual to perform poorly at his or her work duties (CCOHS, 2010: 1). This is a conflict that is mainly experienced by women since they tend to be more involved in house work, neglecting job responsibilities. Thus, clearly both the individual and the company will be negatively affected since the individual may end up being laid off. Border theory is a cognitive theory that states that there is an ultra thin boundary between the way in which individuals change their roles from family to work and back. The theory tries to examine the way in which people assign different meanings to work and home responsibilities and frequency of transitioning between these roles. However, the major objective of the theory is to ensure balance between work, family and life. The theory seeks to ensure satisfaction on the side of the individual and good functioning both at work and home (Desrochers & Sergent, 2004: 40). The border theory gives a number for propositions in i ts application, which include it affirms that keeping work and family separate makes it easier to manage the work and family border. It can be argued from the point of view that when a person has separated family issues from work issues, he or she will be able to perform well at both of them, producing good results in both roles. This way, there will be no such issues as lack of concentration at work due to

The Krebs Cycle And Its relationship to Aerobic and Anaerobic Essay

The Krebs Cycle And Its relationship to Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism & Acid base balance - Essay Example This proves that the Krebs cycle occurs in the oxidation of fats. It was later found by Krebs that the citric acid cycles is not limited to animal cells but it takes place is almost all aerobic cells. In a cell, the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria or power plant and generated energy need by the organism to function (The Krebs Cycle. Cell Structure and Function). Krebs metabolic pathway in the cells is responsible for the oxidation of the basic food components that constitute carbohydrates, protein and fat to give out energy. Mitochondria are present in the cells of the human body. The fundamental function of these minute organelles (that range from 500 to 2000 mitochondria in a cell) is to convert energy present in the nutrient molecules and store this energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the universal energy producing molecules utilised by enzymes to conduct a number of cellular functions. Human being cannot live even for a second without the continuous supply of ATP. Energy conversion requires oxygen and this is supplied by the circulatory and respiratory systems which carry the oxygen to the tissue for further use by mitochondria to remove carbon dioxide. This process is called cellular respiration. During the Krebs cycle, acetyl coenzyme A is metabolised into citric acid which undergoes a complex series of biologic al oxidation to produce free hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion then move to a biochemical phase called oxidative phosphorylation which is a highly competitive aerobic energy producer. Oxidative phosphorylation produces 36 molecules of ATP. There are different phases at which metabolites move into the Krebs cycle. Components of carbohydrates, fat and protein are broken down to molecule coenzyme A before moving into the Krebs cycle. Glucose the basic fuel in the body is initially metabolized into pyruvic acid and later to acetyle

No Guns - fewer Shootings Essay Example for Free

No Guns fewer Shootings Essay Allowing guns on campus would be a dreadful idea, it would increase more violent acts as well as putting staff and students at risk of being injured or even result in death. Not only this but students, as well as everyone on campus, would feel extremely unsafe. By allowing guns on campuses we would we be supporting violence, as well as giving shooters a higher opportunity to commit a crime. This would leave the victims defenseless and at risk of being murdered, raped, kidnapped, or be hurt in any other method. Not only this but anyone who is not mentally stable can misuse a gun and this can even lead to a suicide. Guns on college campuses ought to be banned because they will simply increase the problem with regards to shootings, unnecessary deaths and increase crime rates. We all have to keep in mind that colleges already have a high-risk factor for drugs, alcohol, and stress in academics. Including weapons would cause a bigger problem on a college campus and put everyone in danger. This can result in the misuse of the weapon and fire a gun by accident or simply shoot someone because you truly dislike a person. Many adolescents will commit a crime and sometimes don’t think of the consequences that are going to come with their actions. Jade Reindl and Jean Cocco mention in their CNN piece, â€Å"Say no to guns on college campuses† explains how if a gun is present at the moment of a sexual assault or any form of assault it is more likely that the person will die. This is suggesting that if a gun is in existence at the moment of a crime there is a higher risk of a fatal accident happening. We understand that some students might feel safer knowing they have a way of protection, but how will this make other students on campus feel? They will f eel unsafe in an environment that is supposed to be â€Å"safe† for all students. Also, knowing that someone is carrying a gun will make a student feel like they need to be careful around them. As a community, we also have to take in consideration that some people are not mentally stable: whether they are depressed or suffer from anxiety and will most likely misuse the weapon. This can result in a person committing suicide or attempting for their life.   Furthermore, having guns on campus will not solve any problems, if anything it will create more. On the contrary, proponents of guns within campus advocate that they will be more safe and protected if they were able to carry a concealed handgun in a college campus to protect themselves in case of a shooting, or even from a sexual assault. Also, those citizens who are responsible enough should have the opportunity to protect themselves against a shooter. By allowing the students as well as staff, to carry a gun there won’t be as many victims whereas if they didn\t have any weapon to defend themselves there would be a higher chance of being the victim. Neal Hutchens in his GOOD EDUCATION piece â€Å" 11 States Allow Students To Carry Guns On College Campuses. More could be Next† he mentions that allowing students and faculty to carry a gun with them will decrease the number of shootings as well as decreasing the number of deaths. Also, it has been said that there is a higher possibility of a shooting happening somewhere else rather than a college campus so why not al low people to carry a gun. Subsequently allowing guns on campus can help people defend someone who is at risk of being hurt resulting in saving lives. Not only this but supporters believe that a gun in a classroom would not affect anyones learning or concentration in class. Not only this but students believe that they should have the right to protect themselves with a weapon in case it is necessary. In addition, supporters of concealed guns will advocate for guns since they think it is the best way to protect themselves and knowing that at least they have a gun to protect themselves from any potential threat. Lastly, they believe that allowing guns on campus should be a right given to everyone for the safety of everyone that can help reduce many deaths. Despite the fact that allowing guns on campus would be a terrible decision made by the voters who agree with guns on campus we would simply be encouraging mass shooting and many other horrific incidents. An example of a horrific accident that happened is the mass shooting at Virginia Tech University in 2007. This left many families devastated due to the loss of a loved one. Although proponents of guns believe that a gun in a classroom would not distract anyone, in reality, it would because if any classmate knew that someone had a gun on them they would feel tense and nervous all the time. Even if a person had a gun on them to protect themselves they might not know how to use it adequately and cause more problems. Concealed guns overall are hardly ever used in the appropriate form and that is why we always are having horrific scenes of violence, and mass shooting which just simply terrorize our community. People simply misuse a gun often either because they are angry or maybe even fee l sad or depressed. When affecting our whole community, the children are growing up afraid and scared as well as the parents, knowing that at any moment a bullet can just end someone\s life in a second. Not just this but even though college students believe that by giving them the opportunity to carry a gun we are treating as the adult. The thing about this is that even though we are treating them like the adult by giving them this huge responsibility, there are still some adult who misuse a weapon. Therefore, not giving college students the ability to carry a concealed gun would have more benefits rather than allowing them to carry a gun. In short, not allowing guns on campus would make everyone feel in a safe environment where they don’t have to be afraid of the constant shooting happening. Not just this, but they will be able to focus on their studies and in class rather than thinking all the time that they can be shot at any moment. Sometimes people think the best way to protect themselves on a college campus is the best way but in reality, it can result in many accidents occurring. Students and staff will ultimately feel safer in a free gun zone rather than a place that is surrounded by a gun every corner you walk around. Carrying a gun is a huge responsibility and not everyone is willing to accept the consequences if they use the weapon inappropriately, so it would just be better to save ourselves that problem and not allow guns on campus.

Features of Java Operating System

Features of Java Operating System Introduction: When 1st java card details were issued, the card chips where 8 bits with a few hundred of bytes of RAM and a few kilo bytes of EEPROM. These sever constraints led the java card forum and Sun to issue a had lots of limitations compared to standard java. This specification does not specify and operating system but an execution environment that most player in the smart card industry is able to implement on top of his own proprietary operating system. The silicon market evolution seems to indicate that next generation products will be based on much more powerful machines (32bits, 64bits, RISC, cache are becoming common in chip category) the smart card industry, through the java card forum, has clearly indentified this evolution and has started initiatives like the java card 3.0 details process that aim to define upcoming version of java card adapted nest era of hardware with this hardware evolution, java has also evolved a lot. It is more limited to the desktop environment and is now present in both the server market with J2EE and in the embedded system market with J2ME. This evolution brought interesting feature to the java platform process for running long lived application are popular on the server side and less java subset applicable to categories of devices has been defined with J2ME configuration. The purpose of this assignment is to have overview of what can be considered now as the less java feature that can be integrated to modern smart card hardware and how these features that can be integrated to modern smart card hardware and how these features can be turned into a card operating system that cope with the smart card industry particular constraint like big production, personalization post issuance. The reason for targeting an operating system instead of an additional software layer like its done in the computer world with standard JDK is to use java as the unique hardware abstraction for applications without intermediate levels to reduce the workload and increase the efficiency. Features of Java Operating System: The java platform defined in different techniques the java VM (Virtual Machine) specification and the java language specification. In the context of operating system these techniques are only relevant at the running environment level. The selection of the java Operating System features is guided by the classical needs of OS. The coding, linking, running engine and memory management for the performance. Class file of Java: The class file is Java define in the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) specification as delivery format for the code of classed to load into a Java VM. This format is considered to be verbose and not compact, but it has some other properties that provide a maximum flexibility both for the development and for the code application update. Other formats such as the Java card 2.x Cap file or the JEFF file format are focusing on reducing file size using the command and techniques like linking information removal or file structure reorganization. These techniques have good result in size reduction but induce deployment constraints depending on the degree of size reduction for example a Cap file can be ten percent size of the equivalent set of class files, but it requires an off card conversion step for the developer and to maintain off card a database of linking information to perform card pre linking which is painful work for deployment and card management. We argue that on card class file processing that provides the same reduction ration as the JEFF conversion fifty percent reduction. The process explaining more detail in figure below. Since the load link operation occurs only once in the life times on the class, we think that the development benefits brought by loading standard class files are worth the effort of loading the class file in its entirety and applying an on board conversion process that enable to store in card memory a structure equivalent to fifty percent of the original class file size. One of the main industrial profits of choosing the class file and defining you own conversion process is that it gives freedom for differentiation most of the card manufacture can choose an internal format adapted to his own particular constraints. Engine Multithreaded Execution: the java platform has native support for multithreaded and synchronization and even in the lowest configuration defined for the embedded system market like CLDC, this help to maintained the one may think that for embedded and resource constrained devices the Support for the multithreading may be too heavy to be reasonable, well there are lots of reason to have multithreading support in the core of very small java operating system. The core reason is that it enables to write power application framework on top of the Operating System, in java without needing complex native modifications of the Operating System and its happen when the SIM Toolkit application model has been explained in java card. There are also lots of classical reasons to use threads that are briefly described in the literature. In limited devices like smart cards, memory such as the Virtual Machine implements must be carefully choose an efficient and resource helping implementation of the multithreading support. The existence of java application only on the top of java operating system collaborating with native code and not with native application like in a desktop computer seems to support a green thread like implementation rather than a native thread implementation. Java Memory Management: One of the interesting feature of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the automatically garbage collected heap that is used to allocate java objects when they are created, letting the burden of moving, compacting, freeing the memory to the system instead of the developer. This interesting feature was lacking in the java card specification and give the developer of complex applications to developer their own memory management routines within the application code, which is written in java, this disadvantage of java card to behave as an Operating System. The programs shouldnt handle such sensitive task. There are several types of garbage collectors but the ones that seem the more appropriate to smart card like environments are generational collector. This type of collector are well adapted to server like long lived application which is typically the case of smart card program. Actually the memory manage for the object instances is separate from the memory management of system data like description, threads, code, classes, objects. This normally leading toward the complexity, bigger footprint of the memory management and static segmentation of the memory. We are experimenting an alternative to such a split organization that is to use unified object oriented memory management and static segmentation of the memory. We are experimenting an alternative to such a split organization that is to use a unified object oriented memory manager that both types of programs and system objects, in this case most of the things in the system is an object including java objects instances, loaded, code, classes and every object in the system is subject to garbage collection. This memory management leads to easy management code which is then hopefully smaller and more robust. Different Application Models: Most of the earlier feature of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) describe above have common objective put in the Operating System the functionality that will make smaller and more efficient application. One great strength of java that was lost in java card and that we think must be reconsidered for next generation smart card Operating System is to be application model independent. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) doesnt clarify a particular application model, but gives all the core features that are necessary to build various successful frameworks such as applets, serves or RMI Objects. Configurations: The smart card program and system designers and developers have considerations that are very similar to the people working in the mass production embedded system devices market. How to debugging fast/safely the Operating System and the programs, how to build quickly a product configuration, and how to decline and Operating System in product range to leverage the investment. There is more, the smart card industry has his own particularities like for instance the need for personalization of every issued card with the holder information. Development Issues: The use of java is in itself the beginning of a solution for some of these problems, because of the wide range of products freely or commercially available to help designers and developers. But the high safety exigency on smart card products implies that maximum effort must be made on any tools that would allow the developers to operate in an environment as close as possible to the actual device. Debugging the code while it runs. Issues: Product issue and other tools are help in the production and personalize phase of the cards. The ROM intervenes at the production step, to generate the code to mask into the chips ROM. It is complemented by the memory serialize which is used to build memory images saves in files. It will be sent to the card at initialization and personalize time to build the right memory structure that will put the card in the right state. Such tools are usually difficult to write and to maintain, but these tasks can be greatly simplified using the introspection capabilities provided by the unified object oriented memory management introduce above. Integrated Operating System: A solution to minimize the cost of these tools is to build an operating system that includes them from the beginning, in a configurable manner, and that can be declined from the same set of sources in different editions adapted to the targeted device. Such a configurable Operating System is illustrated in the following figure. Feature Categories Developer edition of the Operating System would include any developer features like an embedded debugging interface based on the JPDA standard, a shell based console to administer the Operating System load remove classes, create threads. Such a complete edition would of course run on computer and on emulator only not on real cards. Another declination would be the post issuance enabled edition that would be the high end embeddable version of the Operating System, targeted for high end cards with post issuance facilities with a loader linker. On the other eternity would be the minimal edition, targeted for low end cards, without any post issuance capabilities, that would have a much smaller footprint. Conclusion: In this assignment we have highlighted some features of an embedded java Operating System suitable for next generation smart cards considered as java micro server platforms. Three important java Operating System characteristic have been explained class file format acquisition, multithreaded support and unified memory management. Their implementation has been shown feasible and their usage and advantages has been explained in the context of configurable card platform architecture. Thanks to tools such shell console, debugger, ROMizer and Serialzier, the migration path from a rich platform configuration up to a customized platform configuration has been explained. The overall advantages of this embedded java Operating System architecture is its adaptability for being used, on one hand as full fledge java environment to quickly develop and test programs and on the another hand as an engineering environment for mass production of optimized embedded code hosted by limited devices. Though originally developed in the context smart cards, such architecture could be suitable in any embedded system device in which the java development platform can different from the final Java deployment platform. References: [1] The Java Card Virtual Machine specification 2.1.1. Sun Microsystems http://java.sun.com/products/javacard/ [2] Java 2 Micro Edition, Sun Microsystems http://java.sun.com/j2me/ [3] Java Virtual Machine Specification, Tim Lindholm, Frank Yellin. Sun Microsystems. http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/index.html [4] Java Language Specification, James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha. Sun Microsystems. http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/index.html [5] The JEFF File Format, J-Consortium http://www.j-consortium.org/jeffwg/index.shtml [5] J2ME Connected Limited Device Configuration http://java.sun.com/products/cldc/ [6] Sim API for Java Card, ETSI TS 143 019 V5.2.0 (2002-03) http://www.etsi.org [7] Concurrent Programming in Java. D. Lea. Sun Microsystems, 1999. ISBN 0-201-31009-0, Addison-Wesley [8] Java Platform Debugger Architecture, Sun Microsystems, http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/jpda/index.html Master of Science BITE Innovative Technology 1