Tobacco Use Among Adolescents And Young Adults - 1287 Words

Introduction Tobacco use among adolescents has been increasing over the years due to marketing strategies that target adolescents and attempt to promote beliefs that influence smoking behaviors. Many of the smoking behaviors are established in adolescents and young adults who are more influenced by exposure to promotional marketing advertisements such as billboards, transit ads, and other strategies that impose acceptable social norms among their peers. According to the CDC, in 2012, 6.7% of middle school students and 23.3% of high school students were currently consuming a variety of tobacco products that included cigarettes, hookahs, smokeless tobacco, and pipes. Also, those who are initially occasional smokers become more likely to continue smoking in the future (CDC, 2012). E-cigarette advertising has also targeted youth tobacco use by increased target rating points 256% from 2011 to 2013 (Duke et al.,2014). The study attributes the trends in smoking to television advertising tha t influence the acceptability of using alternate tobacco products. According to Choi et al (2014), tobacco direct mail marketing was associated an increase in cigarette use among non-smokers and a lower change in smoking reduction among smokers in the sample. Although prior research has been conducted to investigate how tobacco marketing influences smoking behaviors, specific advertising techniques that attracted adolescent consumers were not determined. This study hypothesized that televisionShow MoreRelatedThe Health Behavior Of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents1656 Words   |  7 PagesTobacco Use Among Adolescents Karah Brasher National University Abstract This paper addresses the health behavior of tobacco use among adolescents. There are many risk factors that contribute to this health behavior, as well as risk factors that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of tobacco use among adolescents. 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Throughout this paper I will discuss the effects of tobacco use, the statistics of tobacco use among adolescents, and other influencesRead MoreInfluence Of Tobacco Use. â€Å"The Prevalence Of Current Smoking1162 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence of Tobacco Use â€Å"The prevalence of current smoking among youth is lower than it has been in decades, and the rate of quitting smoking in younger birth cohorts has been increasing. Nonetheless, tobacco use among youth remains a public health problem of substantial importance due to adolescents being the time when most smokers start (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015).† About 87% of adults started smoking before the age of 18, while 98% started before the age of 26 (Aldrich, Hidalgo,Read MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On Health884 Words   |  4 Pageshealth, there are more than 4 million adults reported as active smokers. In many cases, nicotine addiction began in their adolescent years. The Center for Disease Control has estimated a prevention of 1 million deaths per year and 2 million due to tobacco control and programs shifting the leading cause of death or prevalence onto the youth (quote). Despite the benefits of tobacco control policies such as the excise tax, the nico tine epidemic among adolescents continues to proliferate. The moderatelyRead MoreSmoking Is Harmful Or Harmful? Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pageswho on the verge of quitting that may be helpful. Smoking Ever since the evolution of smoking tobacco, numerous and severe damages in the human body and the society at large have been evidenced. Smoking was for so long regarded an adult thing. But that was a few decades ago. Today, smoking is commonly considered a teen or youth thing. It is no longer strange to find teenagers as young as thirteen experimenting with cigarettes and calling it the day’s hot thing to do. As the side effectsRead MoreTobacco Consumption in Adolescents: A Health Promotion Campaign1263 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the issue of smoking in adolescents from the Australian society. The discussion will include a recent campaign that has been created to cut the morbidity rates of smoking in adolescents from the Western Australian (WA) region. The campaign â€Å"Smarter than Smoking† provided an effective health promotion strategies to reduce tobacco enhancement for adolescents aged 10-15 years old. The essay will provide a better analysis on tobacco consu mption in adolescents. Thus, portraying the potential impactsRead MoreTeen Smoking : Education And Prevention1146 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Smoking: Education and Prevention Virginia Western Community College Jessica Baise Assessment Public Health Problem Tobacco use usually begins during youth and young adulthood. Every day in the United States, more than 3,800 youth under the age of eighteen smoke their first cigarette. 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Intrapersonal level can include biological and psychological factors such as genetics, cognition, and personality; interpersonalRead MoreEffects Of Cigarette Smoking A mong Adult Smokers1264 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services developed a survey for the assessment of cigarette smoking among adult smokers. The assessment showed that there has been a significant decrease/decline in cigarette smoking amongst adults in the year of 2003. The survey proved that fewer adults are smoking in Los Angeles County than if the rate of smoking had remained the same as in previous years. This paper evaluates the findings in the assessment conducted by Los Angeles County DepartmentRead More Adolescents, Mental Health, and Cigarette Smoking Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesand adolescents/adolescence. By seeing nicotine as addictive, and therefore an abuseable substance, and understanding the neurological effects nicotine has on the brain, we can see how cigarette smoking is connected to mental health. In adolescents the effect is even more pronounced because their relationships to peers and parents create situations where their mental health is compromised. Nicotine is one of the many chemicals found in cigarettes, and is the primary component in tobacco that

Traumatic Brain Injuries In The Military. Usaace. Ncoa.

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES IN THE MILITARY USAACE NCOA SSG Justin T. LaFountain 15ZSLC 17-002 SFC Maradol Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in the military are a tangible threat to the men and women of the United States military. Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have created a spotlight on this injury, as the â€Å"signature injury†. Specific criteria makeup the definition of a TBI, which is certain symptoms and severity levels of those symptoms. Due to the capacity of this injury, the Department of Defense (DoD) and Congress have created mandates, along with treatment methods, and the ability to achieve an end goal of aiding an individual’s complete recovery. TBI is a blow, jolt, or other injury to the head that disrupts the†¦show more content†¦Symptoms due to loss of sleep manifest as fatigue, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, easily tired and nightmares (Helms, 2014). The leading cause of TBIs in military operations is blast waves (Carlson, 2010). The estimation is that 330,000 veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan have TBIs and up to ninety percent of these are cause by a blast or explosion. To break down these TBI levels of severity further, Hinds II (2016) states an estimated 82.4 percent are mild, 17.6 percent are moderate, and 8.5 percent are severe. In 2006, the DoD mandated systematic screening, diagnosis, and care for individuals whom acquired a traumatic brain injury. Congress also mandated that military and Department of Veterans Affairs will screen all service members returning from combat (Jaffee, 2009). The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) took lead on this quest however; the operational requirements and capabilities of this center are the restricting factors of accomplishing this mandate. DVBIC developed and trained medical care personal with Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE) (Hinds II, 2016). MACE is a field expedient tool, with a 7-section exam, that gives military personal to quickly identify concussions anywhere in the world, which requires no special equipment to administer. The sections of the exam include: concussion screening, concussion screening results, cognitive exam,

Education Law Scenario

Question: Consider the issues presented in each scenario. They often involve several legal issues. Cite key cases and statutes you would consider in resolving these issues. Discuss the implications of these statutes and cases. Tell what actions you would take including such issues as investigation, documentation, and procedures required. 1. You are the principal of a high school and the English department is organizing celebrate banned books week. They have been working on this event since the previous semester. The American Library Association provided posters, bookmarks and other materials. Your English department presented the proposed event at a slightly attended PTA meeting at the beginning of the school year. A group or African-American parents are at your office at 8:00 A.M. with grave concerns about certain books and authors on the list including Maya Angelou ,I Know Why a Caged Bird Sings; Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn; Langston Hughes, The Best Short stories by Negro writers; and others. The parents want their list of books excluded from the event and suggest the entire event be cancelled. They believe the books are offensive and do not match the district curriculum. They also suggest certain library books be removed from the library. They have brought representatives from special interest groups to the meet ing. What steps will you take to work with the parents and with the teachers. What cases and statutes support your actions. If this case is brought , what will the courts say? 2. Linda Collins was employed as a probationary teacher for Walnut Grove High School in a mid- sized city. A student was sexually assaulted by another student behind a portable chalkboard during her class. Mrs. Collins separated the students but did not report the event. Parents of the assaulted child filed suit against the school district. This was your first notice of the assault. What standards are teachers held to in this situation? Does the sexual assault of a student by another student automatically result in liability? What actions should you take toward the students and the teacher as principal? 3. An eighth grade student, Jon, has had numerous discipline problems throughout the school year. His behavior usually involves angry outbursts at teachers or other students. Jon was administered psychological testing as a sixth grader and was diagnosed as emotionally disturbed and was provided special education services. Jon has been suspended for eight days so far. Last Friday, Jon had another major incident in class in which he cursed his teacher and then threatened to do her physical harm. The teacher enlisted the services of another teacher next door to get Jon to the office without physical confrontation. What disciplinary options are available to the campus administrator? What legal issues are implicated? Answer: 1. The High School and the English Department are celebrating the Banned Books week in association with the American Library Association. At a slightly attended PTA, this event was proposed and met with concerns with respect to certain by a group of African American, who wanted to remove the books not only from the event but also from the school library and suggested the cancellation of the event. Issue What action can be taken for working with the parents and the teachers? Whether the books can be removed from the school library, what would the ruling of the court be in this regard? Solution It is essential for the parents to understand and they should be made to understand by the school that the censorship of the books and other such materials of the curriculum would lead to the violation of academic diversity and freedom which is protection under the Constitution of U.S. The books cannot be pulled out of the library shelves just because the ideas of the books are not liked. It was held in the case of Board of Education vs. Pico by the Supreme Court that the First Amendment was violated by the school officials where they removed various books from the library of a junior high school for being controversial in nature (Board of Education vs. Pico, 1982). These books are important classics that need to be read by the students for their enrichment of knowledge. The parents need to be assured that these books would not be damaging to the students but would open avenues of learning especially of their own culture and its past. Further, it has been opined by the Court in the case of Board of Education vs. Pico that the students' right of receiving ideas and information was protected under the First Amendment, and the library is the main place for receiving such information (Board of Education vs. Pico, 1982). The only reason why the books could be removed from the library the court opined in this case if it was pervasively vulgar. The cases of the Supreme Court indicate a broad trend towards supporting the schools when it comes to the censorship issues. However, it also cautions the educators to be aware of the values which include values of the minority in the community in which they serve. The Constitutions First Amendment has been cited by experts as protection both the right of the teacher to academic freedom and right of the student to know. It has also at the same time been argued by the legal experts that there is a right that haves have to protest against materials or books which they consider will have a damaging affect on their children. The Island Trees Union Free High School v. Pico (1982) was a landmark case of censorship in which it was asserted by the court that there is no permission under the Constitution for suppression of the ideas officially and the books that were banned were returned to the school library (Board of Education vs. Pico, 1982). The court in this case and similar other cases has allowed the boards of the school a rather free hand with respect to the materials of the curriculum. In the case of Texas v. Johnson, it was opined by Willian J. Brennan, Jr. Justice Supreme Court that the bedrock principle which underlies the First Amendment is that there should not be any prohibition by the government of an ideas expression only because the opinion of the society is that it is an offensive idea or not agreeable (Texas v Johnson, 1989). Thus it can be concluded from the various case laws that the general view of the court would be in favour of not removing the books from the Library since it would lead to the violation of the First of both the students' as well as the teachers.' Further, if the First Amendment is to be continued to be protected the words of Naom Chomsky are to be kept in mind that if there is no belief in the freedom of expression of those people whose ideas are not liked, then there is no believing in it at all (Imber Van Geel, 2000). 2. Brief Facts of the Case Lind Collins a probationary teacher separated a student sexually assaulting another student. However, she did not report this incident. The parents of the student who was sexually assaulted filed against the school district a suit. Issue What standards are the teachers held to in this situation? Does assault by one student of another leads automatically to liability? What action can be taken against the student and the teacher? Solution For the Fifth Circuit the United States Court of Appeals in the case of Walton v. Alexander (5th Cir. 1994) added the notion of indifference that is deliberate indifference while analyzing liability and the definition which it was that where the official of a school was aware of or has avoided willfully knowing about a serious harm that could happen possibly to the student and there is failure to take any action that is appropriate, and there is harm which has been caused to the student. It was further clarified by the Fifth Circuit in the case Doe v. Taylor (5th Cir. 1994) that there is no absolving of liability of a public school officials simply because there was no special relationship that existed especially in cases where they were aware and still failed to take any action for the protection of the student where there are students present who are disruptive and aggressive dangerously (Doe v. Taylor, 1994). Thus, the teacher should have reported the incident for the safety of the student who was harassed knowing that the harassment was of grave nature. Failure on the part of the teacher to report is actionable (Vacca Bosher, 2008). Further in the case of Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999) it was held by the high court that the official of public school may be held liable in a sexual harassment situation where it was a student on student in the case wherein the harassment is so pervasive and severe that victim students ability to learn is limited, where there was a knowledge of this harassment by the school officials, where there was deliberate indifference which was showed by the school officials and where there were no responsible steps that were taken for remedying such situation (Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 1999). This standard of deliberate indifference is a tool which subsequent court applies consistently. In the given case as well this standard would be made applicable for determining whether the teacher would be made liable (Mason Stephenson, 2012). There is no automatic liability of the teacher unless there is the fulfillment of the standards of deliberate in which case the teacher would be held to be liable. Further, the school district can also be held liable for violation of Title IX if there is the failure to take action that is reasonable against long-term and serious sexual harassment that is student to student which the school employee was aware of (Hudgins Vacca, 2012). Thus there has to be action taken against both the student and the teacher however it has to be kept in mind what the seriousness of the act was and what would be the most reasonable action that could be taken. 3. Brief Facts of the Case In this case, an eighth-grade student Jon, who, has had various discipline issues and has been diagnosed as emotionally disturbed threatened violence against a teacher. Issue What are the disciplinary options that are available? What are the legal implications in this case? Solution When there is harm or violence which is threatened by a student the administrator may implement any of options such as (i) removing the student immediately from the classroom the student who has threatened the injury, (ii) the student to be placed in a setting where his behavior can receive attention immediately, including, though not limited to the office of (a) the school principal, (b) the vice principal, (c) the assistant principal, (d) the psychologist of the school who has been licensed by any mental health professional's office or by the Teacher Standards and Practices Commissioner, and (e) the counselor before being allowed to return to the setting of a classroom, and (iii) the guardian of the student has to be informed promptly and no later than 24 hours of the incident regarding the behavior of the student and the action of the school (Fein, et al., 2002). In the case of Lovell v. Poway Unified School District (Lovell v. Poway Unified School District, 1996), where a suit had been brought by a student's parents called Sarah for removing the referral form from her file the Ninth Circuit Court upheld the action of the court and ruled that the communication made by Sarah was a true threat. It is an objective standard, according to the Ninth Circuit, which lays focus on the speaker by which alleged threats are judged. The test is that whether a person who is reasonable while making a statement can foresee that there could be an interpretation on the part of the listener as an expression that is serious for intending harm. The First Amendment does not protect true threats under the categories of expressions that are protected the Ninth Circuit Court further emphasized. Thus by the principal was justified in taking action against Sarah by suspending her and filing the form of student referral (Snyder Swahn, 2016). Other than the test of the objective speaker the court also required that the statement which appears to be a threat should be considered in the light of the facts of the case that surround it. If, the surrounding and statement are such that it is immediate unconditional, specific and unequivocal that the purpose's seriousness is conveyed and that there is a prospect of the statement being carried out in near future, then it would be held to be a true threat (Peterson Skiba, 2001). Thus, in the given case as well considering the history of the student, it can be stated that the threat was a true threat, and any action that may be taken against the student of either suspension or submission of a referral form would be justified legally. References Board of Education vs. Pico, 457 U.S. 853 (1982). Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629 (1999). Doe v. Taylor (Fifth Circuit 1994). Fein,, R., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W., Borum, R., Modzeleski, W., Reddy, M. (2002). Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and to creating safe school climates. Retrieved from https://www.secretservice.gov/ntac_ssi.shtml Hudgins, H. Vacca, R. (2012).Law and education(8th ed.). Charlottesville, Va.: Michie Co. Imber, M. Van Geel, T. (2000).A teacher's guide to education law. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lovell v. Poway Unified School District, 90 F.3d 367 (9th Cir 1996). Mason, A. Stephenson, D. (2012).American constitutional law(8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Peterson, R. Skiba, R. (2001). Creating School Climates That Prevent School Violence.The Social Studies,92(4), 167-175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377990109603997 Snyder, H. Swahn, M. (2016).Juvenile suicides, 19811998. Youth Violence Research Bulletin..Ncjrs.org. Retrieved 29 July 2016, from https://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/196978/contents.html Texas v Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989). Vacca, R. Bosher, W. (2008).Law and education. Newark, N.J.: LexisNexis.

Value Stream Mapping free essay sample

In an article by Magnier, he says that the goal of a value stream map is to depict material and information flows across and throughout all value-adding processes required to produce and ship the product to the customer. Two specific points were addressed for determining how a value stream map can be beneficial to a company in the article. First, during the team creation of a value stream mapping, businesses and manufacturing waste that occur in the processes can be easily identified (Magnier, 2003). Second, once the current state value stream mapping is created, it becomes the baseline for improvement and for the creation of a future state value stream mapping. The FSVSM can then be used as a world class manufacturing implementation road map (Magnier, 2003). Next the topic of waste in companies is addressed, as it relates to individual value streams. In a research article by Hines and Rich the most common waste a company incurs were discussed in great detail. These types of waste include overproduction, waiting, transport, inappropriate processing, unnecessary inventory, unnecessary motion, and defects. Overproduction is regarded as the most serious waste as it discourages a smooth flow of goods or services and is likely to inhibit quality and productivity. Such overproduction also tends to lead to excessive lead and storage times. As a result defects may not be detected early, products may deteriorate and artificial pressures on work rate may be generated. In addition, overproduction leads to excessive work-in-progress stocks which result in the physical dislocation of operations with consequent poorer communication. This state of affairs is often encouraged by bonus systems that encourage the push of unwanted goods (Hines amp; Rich, 1997). When time is being used ineffectively, then the waste of waiting occurs. In a factory setting, this waste occurs whenever goods are not moving or being worked on. This waste affects both goods and workers, each spending time waiting. The ideal state should be no waiting time with a consequent faster flow of goods. Waiting time for workers may be used for training, maintenance or kaizen activities and should not result in overproduction (Hines amp; Rich, 1997). The third waste, transport, involves goods being moved about. Taken to an extreme, any movement in the factory could be viewed as waste and so transport minimization rather than total removal is usually sought. In addition, double handling and excessive movements are likely to cause damage and deterioration with the distance of communication between processes proportional to the time it takes to feedback reports of poor quality and to take corrective action (Hines amp; Rich, 1997). Inappropriate processing occurs in situations where overly complex solutions are found to simple procedures such as using a large inflexible machine instead of several small flexible ones. The over-complexity generally discourages ownership and encourages the employees to overproduce to recover the large investment in the complex machines. Such an approach encourages poor layout, leading to excessive transport and poor communication. The ideal, therefore, is to have the smallest possible machine, capable of producing the required quality, located next to preceding and subsequent operations. Inappropriate processing occurs also when machines are used without sufficient safeguards, so that poor quality goods are able to be made (Hines amp; Rich, 1997). Unnecessary inventory tends to increase lead time, preventing rapid identification of problems and increasing space, thereby discouraging communication. Thus, problems are hidden by inventory. To correct these problems, they first have to be found. This can be achieved only by reducing inventory. In addition, unnecessary inventories create significant storage costs and, hence, lower the competitiveness of the organization or value stream wherein they exist (Hines amp; Rich, 1997). Unnecessary movements involve the ergonomics of production where operators have to stretch, bend and pick up when these actions could be avoided. Such waste is tiring for the employees and is likely to lead to poor productivity and, often, to quality problems. The bottom-line waste is that of defects as these are direct costs. Defects should be regarded as opportunities to improve rather than something to be traded off against what is ultimately poor management. Thus defects are seized on for immediate kaizen activity (Hines amp; Rich, 1997). Value stream mapping also has numerous benefits, including the ability to â€Å"see the flow† of your value stream. This allows manager to realize the wastes in the production process and ultimately eliminate those non-value added processes. Value stream mapping also opens up the opportunity for a company to further employ lean manufacturing processes. Perhaps the biggest benefit of VSM is that it provides a detailed picture of where the company is right now, and where the company wants to be in the future. (Van Oss, 2006) Next, the different types of cycle times that take place in a process will be discussed. In a research article by the Institute for Innovation and Improvement (NHS), cycle time was defined as the amount of time that elapses between one process finishing and the next process up. They went into detail to differentiate between each of the different cycle times. Value added time (VA) they defined as the time that actually adds value to the patient journey. Changeover time (C/O) they defined as the time taken to switch from one type of a process to another. Number of people (NP) is defined as the amount of people required to work on a particular process. Lead time (LT) is the time it takes to move all the way through a process or value stream (Improvement, 2008). All these times together make up the cycle time for a process which is a key point in creating a value stream map. Below is Figure 1 Current State Value Stream Map, which is a combination of all the practices discussed above and applied to our process of Barnes and Noble. As you can see, the Value Stream Map starts with the warehouse front office sending out the weekly production orders to our publishers. From there the books are shipped from multiple publishers to our receiving department of the warehouse. Normal shipments are a total of 2,000 books. The cycle time for receiving is 30 minutes before the books are moved to the sorting area which has a cycle time of 10 minutes. Once the books have been sorted to their respective categories (fiction, history, self-interest, etc. †¦), they are pushed to the inspection process with a cycle time of 20 minutes. After the books have passed inspection they are pushed to packaging where they are wrapped and ready for storage with a cycle time of 10 minutes. The last process in the warehouse is storage with a cycle time of 30 minutes. The total inventory on hand is 5,000 books. Every week the warehouse receives orders from the front office which are then handed down to the production control center with instructions for daily operations. From the warehouse, the books are distributed to local Barnes and Noble stores where the customer either buys them in-store or orders them online. The final step in this process is the physical stores sending weekly sales figures and inventory numbers to the warehouse front office to start the cycle over. Barnes and noble have an enormous range of customers seeing as how so many people love to read. With locations scattered all across the United States they seem to be doing a good job at meeting customer demand. With that being said it is hard point out areas with room for improvement when they are doing such an adequate job at keeping their customers satisfied. One area in particular that I think can be reduced is the amount of time that is spent on the inspection of books. Don’t get me wrong, inspection is a very important step and is a key attribute to ensuring customer satisfaction, however if inspection time can be cut by a couple of minutes it would make room for the production of many more books. One way to cut back on inspection time would be to add a worker or two to the inspection line. Taken together, the results indicate that the value stream map plays an important role to the companies that have them in use. Specifically pointing out value-adding and non-value-adding processes (Hines amp; Rich. , 1997; Improvement. , 2008; Magnier. , 2003; Van Oss. , 2006). Companies that have an active value stream map in place tend to be more aware of their financial status. They know where their money is being used effectively, and can easily point out the areas that need improvement due to waste.