Lenski and 5 different societies essays

Lenski and 5 distinct social orders papers Jean and Gerhard Lenski, in their hypothesis of sociocultural advancement, depict five various kinds of social orders, isolated by their advances. They are the chasing and assembling social orders, the plant and peaceful social orders, the agrarian social orders, the modern social orders, and the post-mechanical social orders. Which of these social orders would I like? I will contend that the post-modern culture is great for the other four social orders. Contrasted with the post-modern culture, a person in the chasing and assembling society devours a lot of time, vitality, and thought, gathering and chasing for food. A large portion of these social orders today commonly live in peripheral zones where assets are scant, so life for the tracker and finder appears to be progressively situated toward simple endurance. The normal components can be unforgiving, for instance, in the Arctic where the Inuit live. In the post-modern culture, food is effectively accessible, permitting more opportunity to concentrate on different interests. Future is likewise exceptionally low contrasted with the post mechanical society. Innovation is insignificant in the chasing and assembling society, which again relates back to the requirement for consuming time and vitality discovering food. Innovation in medication is likewise crude for trackers and finders. In the event that I, or somebody I thought about, builds up a pendicitis, for instance, this would be effectively treatable in the post-modern culture, demise would be uncommon. In the chasing and assembling society, likely I or my minded one would endure torment and in the long beyond words. The chasing and assembling society unquestionably has its advantages. Uniformity is extraordinary and social definition is low, contradicted to the post-mechanical society. I feel that the expenses, notwithstanding, exceed these advantages. Similarly as with the chasing and assembling social orders, the plant and peaceful social orders don't manage the cost of as much an ideal opportunity for relaxation as does the post-mechanical society. Creation of food in the horticulturist socie... <!

Are You Free or Enslaved Maybe Its All in Your Head.

Are You Free or Enslaved Maybe Its All in Your Head. Opportunity versus Servitude It’s Passover and the subject of opportunity is at the forefront of my thoughts. This occasion commends the freedom of the Israelites from bondage and their effective intersection of the Red Sea-a story we are directed to tell each year at this season. For what reason is this story so significant that the Bible orders we retell it over and over? While there are numerous responses to this inquiry, the one that struck me most this year was that we have options consistently among opportunity and servitude. Passover is our chance to take a gander at our lives and see where we are trapped, stuck, surrendering, or in any case subjugated, both in our conditions and as far as we could tell. When we recognize these â€Å"narrow places,† (the word for Egypt, Mitzrayim, implies â€Å"narrow places†), we can take care of them. A Unique Seder Experience My family’s Passover seder was itself a declaration of opportunity. Some specific circumstance: Passover is a food-centered occasion. In the request for the administration, there are different directions to eat certain nourishments at specific occasions; and the finish of the initial segment of the administration is a major dinner. A BIG feast. It’s like Thanksgiving in the degree to which individuals entertain themselves on food. The seder additionally incorporates four cups of wine (however in my family it was grape squeeze as far as possible). Since my nephew Daniel has Crohn’s Disease and is as of now ingesting only Pediasure peptide drinks, my brother by marriage Michael made drumroll please-a without food seder. This accomplishment, you can envision, required a colossal measure of imagination. Michael planned a prepackaged game, total with a deck of cards that held discussion questions and different challenges to see who could respond to a â€Å"Passover Pursuit† question first. He spruced up as Moses, which was way out of the case for him. Also, he drove a night of picking up, singing and discussion. Indeed, even without a dinner, we figured out how to go through three hours on our seder talking, chuckling, and discussing. Breaking Out of the Box One of the discussion addresses that surfaced in the Passover Pursuit card deck was what opportunity implies in the cutting edge age. I was set in opposition to 16-year-old Daniel for the fight. He pulled out a djembe (an African drum) and made up a rap tune. I don’t recall his words; what struck me was his way to deal with the discussion. In my reality, banter implies talking and contending. Daniel broke out of that confine with his drumming and rapping. Propelled, I countered with an interpretive move of opportunity versus servitude. I represented a couple of moments with my arms crossed, restraint like over my chest, head down. At that point I made a move to the side and moved my heart out. I did this around multiple times. At that point I discussed how two individuals, or even a similar individual, can be in similar conditions and decide to feel free or detained. Oppressed by Circumstances? I’ll concede I got some assistance from a video by Chabad.org that I had viewed in anticipation of Passover, where an individual in an image was marked â€Å"Free† and afterward a similar individual in a similar picture was named â€Å"Burdened.† Other indistinguishable pictures were named â€Å"Liberated† and â€Å"Enslaved,† and â€Å"Pain† and â€Å"Pleasure.† As people, I contended, we can have sicknesses and think of them as weights or locate our own freedom inside them. We can work a vocation and feel caught by it or discover our freedom in it. We can win the lottery and increase bliss or hopelessness. I won the discussion. Some portion of it was that I made a decent contention. However, more than that, I think the gathering was dazzled that I didn’t let myself fall into an average discussion attitude and faced the challenge of moving my contention. An Octopus’s Story: Existential Anxiety versus Existential Guilt Maybe this is a happenstance, yet simply a week ago an octopus named Inky got away from a national aquarium in New Zealand, just barely getting through a 50-meter drainpipe into the ocean. What may be increasingly surprising, given that octopuses are renowned slick people, that Inky’s tankmate, Blotchy, didn't move. Was Blotchy substance to stay in imprisonment? Is it safe to say that he was ignorant of his choice and the opportunity accessible directly down the drainpipe? Had he abandoned the opportunity of a free life? Obviously the responses to these inquiries are more for us to contemplate for ourselves. When we are feeling shackled, do we decide to make outrageous move, as Inky, or to submit to our part? On a very basic level, we have a decision between existential nervousness and existential blame. Making a move, particularly activity that alarms us since it is so new and brings us into obscure, a conceivably dangerous area, produces existential tension. We infrequently lament making a cognizant, unsafe decision paying little heed to the result. Interestingly, existential blame emerges when we take the sheltered way. Submitting to our existential blame produces existential lament: â€Å"a significant want to return and change a past involvement with which one has neglected to pick intentionally or has settled on a decision that didn't follow one’s convictions, qualities, or development needs.† That’s the sort of decision Blotchy made. It’s not the sort of decision I like to make. The Choice is Yours We people have away from of decision in each second, at any rate over our own outlook about our conditions. At long last, the capacity to think what we think and accept what we accept is a definitive opportunity. The decisions we make to break out of the case and into unchartered domain are the ones that push us ahead, out of our own tight places, and toward an actual existence unbound.

Free Essays on Origins Of Dance

Name of Dance: Belly Dance Root: Cadiz? Date: 500's AD Maker/choreographer: n/a Right term :â€Å"Raks Sharki†. Hip twirling by definition is a Middle Eastern move where the artist makes sexy developments of the hips and midsection. In the wake of inquiring about the move I’ve read that the move doesn't just incorporate development of the â€Å"belly†, it is really includes more pieces of the body. Hip twirling is generally done as a performance move, with undulating hips and a body that rotates shakes and moves, at the same time the feet can be timing and moving about. Stepping of the feet and bouncing can be separated of the move too. Many tummy artists can and do utilize the finger cymbals while moving. A decent tummy artist can be judge by how well she moves her shoulders and not her pelvis. Hip twirl is a physical craftsmanship, which joins wellness and exquisite move developments. It stresses quality and beauty of all that is ladylike It is remarkably intended for ladies, which must be aced by the energetic ones Whether you are a housewife, a lifelong lady, or still an unde rstudy, who is exhausted by life’s assignments, moving will assist you with driving ceaselessly your standard picture, and let that concealed lady dominate. It is an event to draw out that hidden entertainer or even a move entertainer. Name of Dance: Heel and Toe Origin: America? Date: 1880s Creator/choreographer: Bohemian ... Free Essays on Origins Of Dance Free Essays on Origins Of Dance Name of Dance: Belly Dance Root: Cadiz? Date: 500's AD Maker/choreographer: n/a Right term :â€Å"Raks Sharki†. Hip twirling by definition is a Middle Eastern move where the artist makes sexy developments of the hips and mid-region. In the wake of inquiring about the move I’ve read that the move doesn't just incorporate development of the â€Å"belly†, it is really includes more pieces of the body. Hip twirling is generally done as a performance move, with undulating hips and a body that spins shakes and moves, at the same time the feet can be timing and moving about. Stepping of the feet and bouncing can be separated of the move too. Many midsection artists can and do utilize the finger cymbals while moving. A decent tummy artist can be judge by how well she moves her shoulders and not her pelvis. Hip twirl is a physical craftsmanship, which joins wellness and exquisite move developments. It stresses quality and effortlessness of all that is female It is extraordinarily intended for ladies, which must be aced by the energetic ones Whether you are a housewife, a lifelong lady, or still an understudy, who is exhausted by life’s errands, moving will assist you with driving endlessly your ordinary picture, and let that shrouded lady dominate. It is an event to draw out that hidden on-screen character or even a move entertainer. Name of Dance: Heel and Toe Origin: America? Date: 1880s Creator/choreographer: Bohemian ...

Analyse or evaluate macroeconomic problem using appropriate macro Essay

Investigate or assess macroeconomic issue utilizing suitable full scale financial hypothesis. (no keynsian cross or IS-LM model) - Essay Example The outcomes were confirm in the types of diminish movement in the securities exchange and breakdown of monetary establishments. This caused gigantic activity misfortunes and it directly affected the cost of merchandise. Costs of most items went up because of financial impacts of cost underway and inaccessibility of capital which inflationarily affected the country’s economy (Buttet and Roy, 2014). Since the event of the credit crunch, nations have been on various recuperation ways that have been resolved significantly by the arrangements and budgetary methodologies laid by their initiatives. Since the principle focal point of this paper is to analyze the various developments, the paper will likewise investigate how the DAD-DAS model has been applied and how it has or has not functioned in both the best performing nation and the most noticeably terrible performing nation in the G7 gathering (Chiarella et al, 2013). The data accessible shows Britain to be the best performing G7 nation with a GDP development pace of 2.6% contrasted with the United States of America whose GDP development rate comes next at 2.4% every year. The financial exhibition in Britain has been ascribed to improved purchaser certainty, adjustment of loan costs and diminished swelling rates in the nation. Other G7 nations, for example, Germany, France, Canada, Japan and Italy have recorded low development rates which have additionally been credited to a moderate development in buyer certainty and high expansion rates (Ghosh and Ghosh, 2012). There exists a few connections that make up the DAD-DAS model and they are expansion, loan costs, request stuns and flexibly stuns. These depend on the reasoning that on the off chance that there is a desire for expansion, at that point it will happen. This implies if a populace anticipates that expansion should be at a specific level at a specific point in time, at that point swelling will conceivably happen even without the causative impacts from different components. The subsequent thinking is that abundance request will in all likelihood cause

The Four Seasons Essay Example

The Four Seasons Essay Take a gander at the structure of every sonnet just as its utilization of language, and show how the sonnets depict the seasons as well as pass on its temperament. As you compose demonstrate your reaction to the words and thoughts in the sonnets, and toward the end say which sonnet you like, giving your reasons. I am going to enlighten you regarding three unique sonnets I have picked which I feel best depict the seasons. I have picked Spring by G. M Hopkins, To Autumn by John Keats and Skating from The Prelude by William Wordsworth. The sonnet Spring by G. M Hopkins is a cheerful and happy sonnet and brimming with life. In the absolute first line, Hopkins alludes to Spring as the most alluring period of all, letting us know: Nothing is so delightful as Spring (Line 1). He continues making a light and lively environment by utilizing words and expressions, for example, the alliterative expressions long and beautiful and lavish (Line 2) and With lavishness, the hustling sheep also have reasonable their excursion (Line 8). In the main refrain, Hopkins utilizes symbolism with expressions, for example, weeds in wheels (Line 2) and The polished pear tree leaves and blossoms (Line 6), which gives the peruser pictures of Springtime. The picture of The plunging blue; that blue is all in a surge (Line 7), gives the impression of being enveloped by a blend of glad sentiments and the guarantee of summer to come. The sonnet is exceptionally consistent and utilizes numerous enjambments so the sonnet can be kept at a quick streaming velocity for the peruser. We will compose a custom paper test on The Four Seasons explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Four Seasons explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Four Seasons explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For instance Through the resounding timbre does so flush and wring/The ear, it strikes like lighting to hear him sing (Line 4/5). When Hopkins begins his second stanza he composes this alliterative inquiry What is this juice and this euphoria? (Line 9). This can be deciphered as the juice being all the new existence of the two creatures and plants, thrushs eggs (Line 3) and hustling sheep (Line 8), and the delight is in having the option to witness every one of these occasions and being a piece of the experience. Hopkins utilizes the Garden of Eden to discuss the freshness and blamelessness of this season. He writes In Eden garden Have, get, before it satiate,/Before it cloud, Christ, ruler and sharp with erring/Innocent Minds and Mayday in young lady and kid (Line 11/12/13), recommending that Spring has an immaculateness that the later seasons need. He bolsters the utilization of springs guiltlessness by utilizing the house keepers youngster towards the finish of the play Most, O servants kid, thy decision and commendable the triumphant. The Autumn Poem by John Keats is an exceptionally well known sonnet, written in 1819, two years before he passed on. The sonnet is written in three refrains and he has composed the sonnet so that toward the starting it is depicting the beginning of fall, advancing through the sonnet until pre-winter is transforming into winter. Keats starts the sonnet with alliterative expressions like fogs of smooth productivity (Line 1), utilizing delicate consonants and stretched out vowels to give an air of unwinding and smoothness. He utilizes the analogy Close bloom companion of the developing sun (Line 2), to create a picture of productivity and fruitfulness. The expression Conspiring with him how to stack and favor (Line 3) causes it to appear as though Autumn and the Sun are human and nearly God-like. He discusses all the organic product being as ready as they are ever going to be, deeply right (Line 6) while the trees twist with apples (Line 5). He discusses the creatures and particularly the honey bees and says And still increasingly, later blossoms for the honey bees,/until they figure warm days will never stop (Line 9/10). Keats is stating that the honey bees don't know that winter is coming so they remain out as yet searching for additional blossoms. In the second refrain he discusses the fundamental piece of fall, portraying harvest time as though it was an individual, beginning the verse with Who hath not seen thee oft in the midst of thy store? (Line 12). He gives the peruser numerous pictures of harvest time being a relaxing time, easing back down as winter draws near, utilizing expressions, for example, sitting imprudent on a storage facility floor (Line 14) and on a half reapd wrinkle sound snoozing (Line 16). He utilizes numerous tranquil alliterative words, for example, winnowing wind (Line 15) and the expression Thou watchest the last overflowing step by step (Line 22) additionally feels like life is easing back down. Despite the fact that he discusses this time being simple and apathetic it is a troublesome and active time for ranchers, anyway this isn't expressed in the sonnet. Keats composes what is hopeful for him. He has again utilized bunches of long vowels to make weight and gradualness in the sonnet with expressions, for example, Drowsed with the smoke of poppies (Line 17) to propose languor. In the last verse he discusses the finish of pre-winter and the start of winter, discussing lament, where are the melodies of Spring? (Line 23). Keats additionally gives the peruser pictures of the harvest time nighttimes, delicate kicking the bucket day (Line 25) and furthermore ruddy tone (Line 26) which implies the setting sun, which is rather than the full grown sun of the principal refrain. Keats portrays pictures of death utilizing words and expressions, for example, grieve (Line 27), sinking (Line 29) and furthermore the light wind lives or kicks the bucket (Line 29) since it is the finish of the late spring. He utilizes numerous melodic terms all through the last refrain, for example, wailful ensemble (Line 27), full-developed sheep noisy bleat from uneven bourn (Line 30), support crickets sing (Line 31) and now with treble delicate/The red-bosom whistles (Line 31/32). They are for the most part anyway exceptionally delicate sounds, not at all like Hopkins Spring which was all clamoring and loud. Keats depicts a robin in the sonnet which recommends pictures of the pending winter, and he discusses full-developed sheep, which proposes that the pattern of the year from when they were conceived in spring to their full developed state in harvest time is finished. As a rule, all through the sonnet he utilizes not many full quits creation extremely expanded sentences. This keeps the sonnet extremely torpid, sluggish and serene. The pace is kept exceptionally moderate and he does this by utilizing numerous caesurae.

13 Benefits You Can Get From a Report Writer in College

13 Benefits You Can Get From a Report Writer in College The top of the list of the most challenging activities for college writers is reporting accurately and efficiently. It can become difficult to accomplish the required results, between developing reports for numerous sources to attempting to improve coordination and enhance operations. However, by making use of computer-based applications, coordination can be enhanced, and operations improved. Report Writer is a text-based script language you can use to give information in multidimensional databases. It utilizes varieties of query builder tools and reporting frameworks, database enhancements and design business processes to make the tracking and reporting of advancement data more efficient. It is capable of working with a document office based database. A report generator, as it is called, constitutes a part of a database administration system that data is extracted from and presented in a format that has been predefined by the user at the point of input. You are permitted to choose records that meet certain conditions in most Report Writers, and these can then be displayed in rows and columns. The data generated can also be formatted into charts and other diagrams, and kept reusing it for new data. Here are 13 advantages of using a Report Writer: Record Keeping. It keeps records and serves as a vital source of information that can be used for future reference. You can forget about numerous tables and notes in different files. Once you use a Report Writer, your information will be in order. Easy Access. it saves time and eliminates stress, particularly because it is a platform that most people can easily access and use after. Concise and Descriptive Information. In terms of tables, charts, graphs, and illustration, it provides information. Thus students can be aware of facts and figures as an update. These days, information is treated as the most valuable resource. Consistent Information. Viewing reports can sometimes be challenging if you are using a client-server environment and the information is directed to a wrong location, or there are different parameters from a user to user. Thus it provides users with access to the same information. By making reports more precise and easy to understand, it guarantees consistency. Indicate Status. Report shows the present status of any project and therefore you keep on knowing what you are doing. It communicates with you for project progresses. Facilitates Research. As a source of qualitative and quantitative information, It facilitates research work. For instance, a company report showing the market condition of one of their products. Setting Actions. It helps to determine future actions by demonstrating the correlation and analysis with critical assessment. Decision Making. Depending on the recommendations given in the report, decisions can be easily made. It is important when you are under a time pressure or when you really need a good base for making some professional step ahead. Building Relation. It provides insight on the author’s analytical and critical comprehension, thus creating an impression on authors knowledge and philosophy. This helps build a relationship between author and reader. Low Cost. There are currently many less expensive web-based applications available that specialize in reporting. For college students that already have the skillsets needed for report generation, these can be a great choice. Easy Software Updates. Software updates only have to run on the web since most reports writers are web-based. This removes the need to update singular client PCs for information files, saving energy and time. When generating reports, computer-based reporting systems are faster. It saves a considerable amount of time for other academic activities, as writing essays or getting ready for exams. No Limitations: Report Writers can generate reports whose length or specific format exceed the limits of a spreadsheet. It can define formatted reports of multidimensional data, produce free-form reports, and export data from an analytic services database. As has been illustrated above, a college student gets many advantages for his/her concerns and personal life too as regards writing a report. Additionally, you can also order professional writing help from real academic report experts.

Essay Sample - What to Write?

Essay Sample - What to Write?Writing your Tk essay samples is not all that hard once you've found some decent tok essay samples. Why? Well, the reason is that if you're a student in high school, it can be tough enough to write your own essays.A great way to prepare for it is to create and then give to your class that is one of the great ways to prepare for writing. These great ways include:The first thing that you need to do is ask the students what their goals are for writing an essay. They have to put it into writing for you. And you can also use the same with them. You can ask them what they want to achieve by writing an essay.From those two questions, you will have an idea on how the essay samples should be written. But on top of that, you need to find out why you are teaching such an essay, so that you'll know what to say in order to complete that.You also need to ask yourself, who is your student? This is the key to finding out how to write the essay sample and what is the righ t answer for the student. Your student may have a very different background as you have as well as you have, so you will need to find out what he/she needs to do with the essay samples.When you know that the student's goal is to make sure he/she has done his/her best, then you can ask what the student wants to know. Write in a format that your student can easily understand and can manage.This way, you will have a good idea of what your student wants and needs to know in order to do his/her best. So, be sure to know your student. Then you can really maximize your student's potential to be a high school graduate.

Outline and Evaluate Strange Situation - 726 Words

The security of attachment in infants was investigated by Mary Ainsworth in the strange situation study, in order to determine the nature of attachment behaviours and styles of attachment. In the ‘strange situation’, infants and their mothers were observed in a range of situations, which allowed the researcher to see the different types of behaviours shown. The infants were observed through video cameras in a purpose-built laboratory playroom with their mothers. The room contained two comfortable chairs and a play area with a set of toys suitable for young children. The procedure in Ainsworth’s research consisted of a series of situations, which were standardised for all the infants who took part. 1. Mother and infant enter the room.†¦show more content†¦This is where when an observer is present, the participant may change their behaviour. E.g. if the mother of an infant was avoidant towards their child and was aware of it, the mother may have changed her behaviour while being observing. The social desirability may have also been present. This is typically shown in self-report methods, but can be present in other methods of research. This is where the participant would lie to make themselves look better to the researcher. In Ainsworth’s situation, the mother may have tried to make herself look better while being observed by showing more interest in the infant than usual. 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The experiment was carried out in a purpose build playroom and children were observed with cameras. It consisted of several situations, standardised for all those who took part. Each condition involved variation of the presence of the mother and/or a stranger, over 3 minute intervals. During these different conditions, the child’s behaviour was monitoredRead MoreDiary of Negotiations1337 Words   |  6 PagesFirst of all, I would like to outline that this course was initiated to set up strong communication skills and master personal negotiating skills. It was a good practice for our future business opportunities. It was good to start a practice from everyday life examples and then move on to the discussion of a business cases. During the lecture it was interesting to go through the test, which made us understand what the strongest bargaining style inclinations are. 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The Social Commentary And Style Within Fahrenheit 451

With gains comes loss. As the world becomes to tear apart, so do the inhabitants. With this imperfection comes the meaning of life. Through all the flaws, man’s perfection and ability to succeed appears. Man is given the choice of good over evil and love over hatred. Without the ability to choose, the freedom of life dissipates. There are many genres of writing that authors utilize, but the dystopian genre stands out the most. Dystopias take what is wrong with a modern society and emphasize it in the work. The authors of dystopian stories places the problem in a possible alternate universe. It makes the current course of action worse than it actually is, to foreshadow issues towards a misguided society while warning citizens to rebel against things similar to a overcontrolled society. These literary works have detailed imagery and great use of diction while also emphasizing the dark society to show the readers that the people think their society is perfect but it is actually t he opposite. Part 1: The Social Commentary and Style within Fahrenheit 451 First off, an example of dystopian literature is Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. In the novel, Bradbury illustrates a society without the freedom of intellectual thinking from literature and replaces it with artificial entertainment. People in the society lack compassion or quality of a meaningful life, leaving most of them unsatisfied or depressed. One of the main characters in the novel, Mildred, is an overall example of theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Commentary And Style Within Fahrenheit 4511228 Words   |  5 Pagesthem being style. The style that the author uses reveals what the social commentary is to the readers. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Ally Condie’s Matched, and Wes Ball’s Maze Runner: Scorch Trials, all demonstrate a dystopia where people within the book are controlled to live a life that’s not theirs. The stylistic methods that both authors use to provide a way to warn their readers about what might happen in the future, a future t hat reflects their behavior. Part 1: The Social Commentary and StyleRead MoreThe Dystopian Novel Of Literature2214 Words   |  9 Pagestheir needs to be a concrete style to go with them. Most of these books have usually one of two different styles. Either dark and gloomy to the point out how flawed the society is and the horrible state that people have to live in, or have an overly positive and ‘perfect’ described society where people are brainwashed into thinking everything is just fine, but it is quite in fact the opposite. And the most part important of all dystopian literature is their social commentary (however other genres canRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 PagesPicture a world where one must meet the expectations of being normal, where diversity is not accepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, in stead of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readersRead MoreThe Space Race And It s Overall Support From The General Public1858 Words   |  8 Pagesit was enforced in places such as Nazi Germany. It had touched upon a nerve that lies deep within all American authors, and is one of the few most prevalent idiosyncrasies in American literature over all time periods, and that is the infinite desire for civil rights and freedom. Once the United States had seceded from Great Britain, it took years for Americans to differentiate themselves from the writing style that they had been so used to before. The country was so young at that point that until theRead More Samuel Richardsons Novel Pamela Essays4442 Words   |  18 PagesRichardsons Novel Pamela In his novel, Pamela, Samuel Richardson suggests something that would have been considered ludicrous at the time in which his novel was published – he proposes that men should choose their wives not for their money or social standing, but for their virtue. He then makes yet another shocking suggestion by implying that the only way in which members of the upper class can learn to be virtuous is via the lower class. That is, he suggests that the lower class must teach The Social Commentary And Style Within Fahrenheit 451 Imagine a world where the government controls everything. A world where the citizens of a society is told what to wear, what to eat, who to marry, when to die, and etc. A society where technology is advanced, such as the speed of cars and the type of trains. A place where laws are strictly taken into place and people follow them without hesitations. There are numerous of ways to make a great dystopian, one of them being style. The style that the author uses reveals what the social commentary is to the readers. Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Ally Condie’s Matched, and Wes Ball’s Maze Runner: Scorch Trials, all demonstrate a dystopia where people within the book are controlled to live a life that’s not theirs. The stylistic methods that both authors use to provide a way to warn their readers about what might happen in the future, a future that reflects their behavior. Part 1: The Social Commentary and Style within Fahrenheit 451 In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury discusses the lack of interest in reading books and how the advancement of technology contributed to the lifestyle of the population. This world that Bradbury exhibits in Fahrenheit 451 lacks the interest of books. With advancement of technology: wall tvs, cars that go 150 mph at least, and even education is affected; the children learn from a tv. New technology has declined the popularity in reading so much that it was against the law to read altogether. â€Å"There was no longer need of firemen for the old purposes.Show MoreRelatedThe Social Commentary And Style Within Fahrenheit 4511825 Words   |  8 Pagesimagery and great use of diction while also emphasizing the dark society to show the readers that the people think their society is perfect but it is actually the opposite. Part 1: The Social Commentary and Style within Fahrenheit 451 First off, an example of dystopian literature is Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. In the novel, Bradbury illustrates a society without the freedom of intellectual thinking from literature and replaces it with artificial entertainment. People in the society lack compassionRead MoreThe Dystopian Novel Of Literature2214 Words   |  9 Pagestheir needs to be a concrete style to go with them. Most of these books have usually one of two different styles. Either dark and gloomy to the point out how flawed the society is and the horrible state that people have to live in, or have an overly positive and ‘perfect’ described society where people are brainwashed into thinking everything is just fine, but it is quite in fact the opposite. And the most part important of all dystopian literature is their social commentary (however other genres canRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 PagesPicture a world where one must meet the expectations of being normal , where diversity is not accepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, instead of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readersRead MoreThe Space Race And It s Overall Support From The General Public1858 Words   |  8 Pagesit was enforced in places such as Nazi Germany. It had touched upon a nerve that lies deep within all American authors, and is one of the few most prevalent idiosyncrasies in American literature over all time periods, and that is the infinite desire for civil rights and freedom. Once the United States had seceded from Great Britain, it took years for Americans to differentiate themselves from the writing style that they had been so used to before. The country wa s so young at that point that until theRead More Samuel Richardsons Novel Pamela Essays4442 Words   |  18 PagesRichardsons Novel Pamela In his novel, Pamela, Samuel Richardson suggests something that would have been considered ludicrous at the time in which his novel was published – he proposes that men should choose their wives not for their money or social standing, but for their virtue. He then makes yet another shocking suggestion by implying that the only way in which members of the upper class can learn to be virtuous is via the lower class. That is, he suggests that the lower class must teach

Realism in Pride and Prejudice - 1412 Words

Discuss the features that make a novel you have studied this year seem realistic and explain why realism is appropriate to the main themes of the novel. Sara Perley Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a complex novel mixing romance with comedy with an unprecedented quality of realism. Austens techniques require the reader to pay close attention and to actively interpret what it is they are reading unlike other light novels which you can passively work your way through. Pride and Prejudice is centrally concerned with the ideals and necessities of marriage in the early nineteenth century. Austen used a variety of features to make the novel Pride and Prejudice seem more realistic and relevant to the period of the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦The contrasts shown in the novel Pride and Prejudice show the realistic view of differing opinions and beliefs which are portrayed by most people. Irony is an equally important feature in portraying realism in the novel. Irony is used to express the ideas about the reality which is the characters of people, how no one can understand every subtle thing about every situation. The novel Pride and Prejudice uses irony a lot to express the beliefs of Austen and to help her subtly mock the society which many people wish to belong to. Unconscious irony is used to mock the person using it, such as Mrs Bennet. She spends her time criticising other peoples scandalous doings believing it makes herself seem better. Mrs Bennet believes that her comments are intelligent and sophisticated when in all reality she is being a hypocrite. As she criticises Mr Collins for his service to Lady Catherine De Bourgh stating that she would never accept favours and property from someone else yet in reality we know that she would. This exposes Mrs Bennets foolishness and hypocrisy. Another example when Mrs Bennet is talking about the intelligence and senses of her daughters it is ironic because she refers to the sense of their mother and father yet their mother has no sense. My dear Mr Bennet, you must not expect such girls to have the sense of their father and mother. Austen also expressesShow MoreRelated Essay on Irony, Values and Realism in Pride and Prejudice1152 Words   |  5 PagesIrony, Values and Realism in Pride and Prejudice The focus of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is the prejudice of Elizabeth Bennet against the apparent arrogance of her future suitor, Fitzwilliam Darcy, and the blow to his pride in falling in love with her. The key elements of the story are the irony, values and realism of the characters as they develop. Jane Austen ¹s irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness and hypocrisy. Self-delusion or the attempt to fool other people areRead MoreEssay on Pride and Prejudice1332 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice 1. How do the narrative techniques of ‘showing’ and ‘telling’ work at this point in the novel? 2. How does this passage relate to the themes of the novel as a whole? The first part of the passage is dialogic, in that it contains only conversation between Lydia and Mrs Bennet. Jane Austen, through the use of narrative techniques, gives the reader an in-depth understanding of the story. One of these techniques is ‘showing’, which with the use of dialogue, allows usRead MoreJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantageous marriage for the English novelist, Jane Austen. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics (Southam). Austen’s major novels, including Pride and Prejudice, were composed between the years 1795-1815. During those twenty years England was at the height of its power facing many historical landmarks (Thomson). It is no coincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical events of thisRead MoreAnalysis of Chapter 11 of Pride and Prejudice Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 11 of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen opens with two lines from the third person, or omniscient narrator, who is focalizing through Elizabeth Bennett. Focalizing, meaning that it is the narrators voice that speaks, but we see through the eyes of t he characters, gives us the chance to understand the characters without direct dialogue. By telling us that Elizabeth was growing more angry but trying to compose herself (Pride and Prejudice, p148) you start to understand that somethingRead MoreJane Austens Pride and Prejudice1061 Words   |  5 Pagesthe influence that society has over its members. The romantic novelist Jane Austen satirizes her society and those who follow it. One of her most famous works, Pride and Prejudice, is a great example of this satire. Throughout the novel she explores the effects of society through her characters. In Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, she divulges the central theme of society and social class through the characters Elizabeth Bennet, Mr. Darcy, and Lady Catherine. The first character that AustenRead MorePride and Prejudice Narrative Style Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen the author of Pride and Prejudice a novel where irony is considered the foundation for this novel. Irony, humour and the extensive use of dialogue complement each other to create an inviting novel for potential readers to lose themselves in. Irony is used to show the difference in truth and the way things may seem. Austen uses irony to create deeper emotions and laugh and characters perceptions in the novel. Humour is also used to show relationships but to guide the reader to understandRead MoreYour Possessions And The Way You Expose Yourself1080 Words   |  5 Pagesselfish. By the end he is able to set aside is old beliefs and allows himself to be truly happy. Pride is a virtue that can sometimes be too powerful Although the entire book is based on love and marriage, Pride and Prejudice is classified as a realistic novel, rather than a romantic one. This novel is written in the third person, making it easier for readers to relate to character’s feelings. Realism is a technique Austen uses that pays attention to detail. None of the author’s feelings or judgmentsRead MorePride and Prejudice, directed by Joe Wright1305 Words   |  6 Pages For those that enjoy romantic costume dramas set in England, the 2005 film version of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice starring Kiera Knightley and Mathew MacFadyen is the perfect movie to watch on a rainy day while sitting in a comfy chair, sipping hot tea, with a plate of biscuits nearby. Director Joe Wright’s and screen writer Deborah Moggach’s film â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† brings a romanticized slant to the world of the Bennet’s where the main dilemma facing the family is what to do with fiveRead MoreMorality Play Pattern in Pride and Prejudice995 Words   |  4 Pagesclose confinement with others with whom one must and should get along. Austen presents these virtues as not merely a necessary accommodation to difficult circumstances, but as superior to the invidious vanity and pride of the rich and titled, which she often mocks. So, in  Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennet rejects Darcys haughty condescension out of hand; the happy ending must wait until Darcy comes to see beyond her lowly connections and unaristocratic manners and fully recognise her true (bourgeois)Read MoreInterpretation Of Everything That Rises, Must Converge986 Words   |  4 Pagesstatements and ideas. He disdains her bigotry and prejudices. O’Connor portrays racial prejudices and the unwelcome assimilation of integration in the South through irony, theme, and symbolism. O Connor uses various kinds of irony in Everything That Rises Must Converge to scorn racial prejudices at the same time as representing Julian s attitudes of superiority and his mother s undesirable intentions. Julian is of the younger generation and prides himself with being more accepting of African Americans

How Can Creating A Science Based App - 3504 Words

Section A: Investigation My focus question is: How can creating a science-based app have an educational impact to children, that were never exposed to this material in depth and do they show signs of improvement after testing the app? As I recall from personal experience, children do not learn in depth about diseases in the school curriculum. Technology is being implemented into school systems for educational purposes; therefore, I wanted to test if using technology, in this case apps, helps a student learn? By including learning styles, I can accurately test if the children are able to retain information and learn from the app. The goal of my Personal Project is to create app that addresses the contents of Cancer, Diabetes, and Heart†¦show more content†¦My personal inspiration and influence for this project comes from my interests in the medical field, and STEM. Even as a child, I loved hands-on activities and STEM and the field of medicine really appealed to me because of those activities. Also, I always had a passion for information technology and I’ve always wanted to learn coding because it is the basis for websites, or apps and any mobile technologies found that we use majorly today. Personally, my influence was from an article about a twelve year old boy that constructed an app for his mom, and it inspired me to take challenges and be a risk-taker while try something new. My inspiration also comes from campaigns associated with Girl’s involvement coding because girls only make up 3% of jobs in coding, and this inspired me to take the challenge and be one of those girls that do coding. My personal interests relates to my goal because of my enthusiasm to explore coding, and to include information from the science field because of my interest in various types of science, as well as explore deeper into the different learning styles of children. Prior to my project, I knew an adequate amount of research for my project. I did not know c oding at all for my project, but I knew where to starting learning about these coding languages and how to get started. I knew some of the information/content that was going into my project like Diabetes’s background, Cancer’s background, and Heart Disease’s

Marialyn free essay sample

My First week in bank of Makati makes me so tired but still I am grateful because we got the opportunity to have an on-the-job-training with a prestigious kind of bank. I was assigned near the teller’s area. In my first tasked Ma’am Noreen the branch operations head, assigned me to encode the account name and account number of clients exclusive only for the past two years. I was also assigned to stamp the liquidated receipt paid by the bank as their expenses and etc. I also had a time to socialize with some employee. In the following days, my tasked are still the same. I continued to encode the remaining sets of accounts then I stamp customer information forms. I was also assigned by Ma’am Dianne the marketing sales associate to paste the invitation cards and cut designs for the candle holder which will be used for the opening of the new building that the bank of Makati will be moved. Those invitation cards will be given to their selected clients. I was also assigned to arrange receipts according to its serial number. An hour before the duty end the manager treat us a snack for us to relieve our stress. In the second week of our on the job training, during its first day we already moved to the new and better building of Bank of Makati which is located at Quimpo Boulevard, Ecoland Matina Davao City. We have a little celebration together with the manager, employees, visitors and other officers from the main office. When we went back to our work, one of the employee who is assigned in loan operation department told me together with my co-trainees to count the documents by hundred. As I get back to the department where I truly assign, Ma’am Noreen instructed me to arrange the files sealed in the long enveloped and cleaned it. The next day I encode another set of account name and number of clients. After that I was task to arrange again the files sealed in the enveloped the same routine that I made the other day since the branch operation head told the utility man to transfer the drawer’s placed then I take off the envelop and I arrange it back to its original placed. I was also tasked to stamp letters which will be given to the clients and then I make sorting for the serial number of sealed enveloped, it seems that it is confidential I cannot saw what’s inside of it. I also helped my co-trainee to cut the slips in check accounts that will be used by the teller. In the following days, I was tasked to cut small pieces of labeled papers which has a content of bank’s name and its new address, it will be used as label to those envelop that will be delivered to the clients. After that I paste those pieces of papers that I cut and I inserted the letters inside of it and then I sealed. I also cut another pieces of papers which has the content for requirements purposes and I arrange it to the small box. At afternoon, I was tasked to put check marks in the customer information forms, specimen signature cards, payroll debit authorization amp; etc. so that it would be easy for the clients to know the things that they only needed to fill up. I also arrange bundles of transmittal form according to its places. It was quit tiring and confusing because after separating the transmittal form according to its places, we’re going to arrange it also by dates in descending order. In my third week, during its first day I continued sorting the transmittal forms which I started last week. I was also instructed to cut pieces of labeled papers that will be used by the teller in wrapping cash such as 500 and 1,000 bills, and then I continue doing it after lunch. I was also tasked by one of the employee assigned in loan operation department to look the certificate of registration of selected clients. After that I was assigned by Ma’am Dianne to fold letters for the clients and sealed it to envelop. The next task was looking for those selected names in a two bundles of sheets. I was also instructed by Ma’am Noreen to her by e-mail the things that I encoded last week. For the following days I was tasked to crash out the wrong information regarding the terms and conditions in time deposit/special savings account in the customer information forms, I think that were about hundred of forms. I was also assigned to stamp bundles of envelop and then I also answered telephone calls and I make sketch lines in log book for clients information purposes. In the next day my tasked are still the same as yesterday which is the crashed out thing in the customer information form but the difference was this time I crashed out the already filled up forms by the clients while yesterday it was the unfilled up ones. The next tasked that was assigned to me was to fold letters and sealed it to an enveloped. After that I continued my tasked which is the crashed out thing again and that was my assigned work for the whole afternoon and a whole day in the next day. In the last of my duty for this week, Ma’am Dianne let me joined with their official business travel or what they called OBT. We went to nearby places in Davao City in which our target market was the regular employees, encouraging them to avail the newly created loan system of the bank of Makati. It was quit tiring but enjoy because I get the chance to observe them the actual way on how to market a loan. For this week, my first tasked was to sort and alphabetized the signature cards, that was my assigned work for the whole day. On the second day, I helped my co-trainees in their assigned department to sort and arranged bundles of files. Then the next day I was tasked to check and arranged the documents in customer information form and after that I go back with my co-trainees and helped them to continued their assigned work since the other day. At afternoon, one of the employees in loan operation department asked me to get inside the vault and look for the registration card of those listed names that she gave to me. Since I was absent last Friday I have to comply it in Saturday and in that day I was tasked to stamp, sort and arranged the signature cards, arranged other files, sorting and arranging receipts. In this week my tasked was to arranged files, I inserted those customer information forms inside the enveloped in alphabetical order. I was also told to make corrections for those unwanted information in customer information forms. In Tuesday I was asked to encode receipts and sort it after. I also cut withdrawal slips that will be used by the teller. In Wednesday, I continued to cut withdrawal slips and that was my work for the entire day. In Thursday I was assigned to cut another sets of slips, after that I was tasked to pull-out certificate of registration’s (CR’s). In the last day of the week I helped my co-trainee in their assigned department in segregating documents namely the Dacion en Pago or Deed of Sale. For this week, I was with my co-trainee in their assigned department. We arranged documents and I was also assigned to pull-out certificate of registrations. The next day I together with my co-trainee was instructed to look for the document of a specific customer. In Thursday, after one amp; a half day of looking for the document in almost a hundred of bundled sheets at last we found it. The next thing we did was to insert those sealed envelops to its original placed. In the last day of ojt for this week I was assigned in the vault’s area, I arranged and sort files. I was also assigned in loan operation department; I was tasked there to look for the documents listed in a 3 sheets of bond paper. Mission Statement We value our role in economic development We exist to help more people: I. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet. A. Has the practicum/fieldwork experience helped you prepare for a job in the business field? Why or why not? Yes, the practicum experienced helped me prepare for a job in the business field because it gives me learning about the real scenario of how to work in a bank, in which they taught me those duties and responsibilities that I will be used in preparing for a job someday. With that, I could I could say that those learning’s from where I had my practicum motivates me to be ready in the actual world of workplace. B. Which of the courses you have taken were of the most value during the Practicum? Of all the courses that I have taken the most valuable during the practicum was the Total Quality Management (TQM), which talks about on how to manage things in a proper way because in the work that I have undergo I was assigned in encoding, stamping, filing, arranging documents and from those worked that I have encountered I have learned to see to it that everything must be in the proper way. It should be organized and orderly done. C. What could your company/job supervisor have done to improve your practicum/fieldwork experience? My supervisor helped me to become a good listener, alert, and patience in every tasked that she gave to me. She made me become a good listener in the sense that I should see to it that in every words that she says, I must directly and clearly understand it. To be alert that in every assigned work I should have the enthusiasm or willingness to do and lastly she made me become patience, that whatever loaded work that will be given to me I shouldn’t be get mad or be high tempered. D. What could you have done to improve your practicum/fieldwork experience? The thing that I have done to improve my practicum experienced is to gain willingness in every tasked that will be given, because if there’s a willing power of a person there’s a big possibility to make the worked done properly E. What skills/competencies were you required to use in your fieldwork that: . 1. You felt prepared to do: The skills that I have required to used in my fieldwork that I felt prepared to do, are my skills in encoding, sorting, arranging bundles of documents even the ability to make conversations with clients and faced their concerns. 2. You felt unprepared to do: The skill that I felt unprepared to do was to market loans and making business transactions. Because I think I am not yet ready for that, I need to undergo an experienced for me to be ready. F. What other courses or learning experiences would have helped in the Practicum? The other learning experiences that have helped in the practicum was our subject in Marketing Management which tackled about on how to market products or services, reminds me in the official business travel that I have joined together with the selected employees from the bank where I did my on-the-job-training. From which I saw the actual scene on how to market loans. The other subject that helped me in the practicum was our Management 3 which talks about the ethical behavior, helped me to behave in a descent way and treat one another fairly even if a person is lower than your position G. What suggestions can you make to help improve the Practicum Program? I suggests that if

The Parting Glass by George Donaldson free essay sample

The Parting Glass is a song that George covered for his second album The World On My Mind. The Parting Glass is a song that is sung at the end of gatherings of good friends. The goodbye in the song can range from seeing them the next day, week, year, or even forever. Ever since his passing his version has been covered by Colm Keegan and Emmet Cahill on their solo tours. Him, Colm, and Emmet were all part of a singing group together with other people called Celtic Thunder. Whenever I listen or watch him sing the song I always feel like that it was his goodbye to us since he passed away in March of 2014. This song has a special meaning to a lot of people including Colm, Emmet, and a lot of Georges fans, family, and friends. When they were making the tribute album for George his wife Carolyn decided to add his version of The Parting Glass to the list. We will write a custom essay sample on The Parting Glass by George Donaldson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I just love this song and it will always be special to me and everyone else who knew him.

Sample Cover Letter Essay - Writing a Sample Cover Letter

Sample Cover Letter Essay - Writing a Sample Cover LetterA sample cover letter can help you write the perfect letter. There are two things you need to do before you begin writing a letter for an employer.First, if you already have a sample cover letter in your hand you should rewrite it so that it is more complete. The best samples are the ones where you will copy the first paragraph but paste your own ideas in the body of the letter. That way you will be able to see if you will be writing the same letter and if it will be clear enough for your reader.Second, you should make a note about how much you can write in a month before writing the sample cover letter. You do not want to write a letter that you will be unable to finish because it is too difficult. This is why the sample cover letter is useful.You should also consider taking the sample letter and changing it to fit your company. When you hire someone to work for you, you should always consider what kind of person they will be working with. You should not hire someone who has no idea how to write a letter. You should not also give an employee who does not know how to write a cover letter the job of writing the main body of the letter.This is why you should take care of your letter before you begin writing it. In this way you will be sure that it will be good enough for your reader and will be clear enough for your company.When you are working on your sample cover, you should also use the sample letter as a guide. You should write the letter in a way that it is not too personal but at the same time not too formal.Try to be as confident as possible while writing the letter. Do not worry about how you will express your feelings about the things you wrote. Instead, concentrate on making it easy for your readers to understand your letter.Make sure that you keep all the sample letters in one folder. There should be one letter that is a sample letter for every company you are trying to get hired.

Traditional Medicines Essay Example

Traditional Medicines Essay Alternative medicine is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered with the scientific method. It is any of a wide range of health care practices, products and therapies, using methods of medical diagnosis and treatments which, at least up to the end of the twentieth century, were typically not included in the degree courses of established medical schools teaching medicine, including surgery, in the tradition of the Flexner Report or similar. 1 In the hierarchy of healers and specialists in Philippine folk medicine, the albularyo may be referred to as the general practitioner, knowledgeable in most of the folkloric modalities, usually especially versed in the use of medicinal herbs. The hilot ambiguously refers both to the manghihilot and magpapaanak. The manghihilot specializes in techniques and treatments applicable to sprains, fractures and muskuloskeletal conditions. The magpapaanak, besides prenatal visits and delivering babies, often performs the suob ritual. Somehealers limit their practice of folkloric therapies to 1 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alternative_medicine more specialized modalities. The mangluluop specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually referring the patients after diagnosis to the albularyo, medico, or manghihilot for definitive treatments. Most of these healers consider their healing craft as God-given, a calling from a supernatural being, and consequently, their healing practices are profusely infused with prayers and religious rituals, performed through mediation with the Holy Spirit2 In the rural areas, its use is in the purview of the albularyo for a variety of febrile conditions, a childs incessant crying or failure to thrive. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Medicines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Medicines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Medicines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The TAWAS is used to cross (sign of the cross) the forehead and other suspicious or ailing parts of the body while prayers are being whispered (bulong). It is then placed on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small receptacle of water. As it cools, its softened form spreads on the water surface and assumes a shape that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous forces: dwarfs, devils or other evil spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo). The water in the vehicle is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably into the setting sun. 3 2 http://www. stuartxchange. com/Albularyo. html 3 http://www. stuartxchange. com/Tawas. html Some started their healing craft as albularyos, medicos or hilots. Although their healing ways differ, they share an attribution of their healing power to a higher being often, a gift bestowed on them by the Holy Spirit; or, that they are merely healing mediums of the Holy Spirit. Most remembers a divine encounter, a mystical experience, or in their childhood or early adult life, a spiritual possession or being entered by a being, and a life thereafter, being guided into the path of healing. On one end of the spectrum of faith healers, there are those like the albularyos, manghihilots and other healers, their healing rituals replete with ingredients of religiosity, icons, prayers and invocations, using the same divining ways of tawas and luop, diagnosing black elves, evil spirits, possessions and sorcery as causes of maladies, dispensing their fringe concoctions of treatments. 4 Public school teachers in Zaragoza Nueva Ecija have a strong belief in traditional healers. It was observed that almost all patients seek consult first to a traditional healer. This led us into conducting a study on traditional healers. Using alternative medicine has several implications for public health. Wrong takes of drugs and its doses can lead to liver and kidney damage as well as many complications of our internal organs. Poor medication will be a rapid increase in chronic diseases. Delay diagnostic and prevention of non communicable diseases can lead to morbidity and mortality. 4 http://www. stuartxchange. com/Albularyo. html#FaithHealers STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study entitled â€Å"ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, AS PERCIEVED BY ZARAGOZA NUEVA ECIJA PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS, IT’ S IMPLICATION TO HEALTH. † Basically, this seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of a. Age b. Gender c. Religion d. Occupation(title) e. Number of children f. Current Marital Status 2. What are the effects of alternative medicine to the public school teachers of Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija? 3. 1 Advantages 3. 2 Disadvantages 3. What are the reasons why do these people patronize traditional medicine? 4. 3 Aspects of Religious beliefs 4. 4 Aspects of Culture 4. What are their perceptions regarding faith healers? 5. What is the implication to health? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY To us students. By conducting this study, we shall learn about the roots of traditional healing, where did the belief come from and how was it developed. We will be able to differentiate the beliefs and practices that are beneficial or harmful to patients so as to determine if there is a need to correct or reinforce. To the respondents. It is important that we correct misconceptions regarding traditional healing, to prevent them from being confirmed, and from generating further misconceptions. It allows us to respect each other’s views considering that we live in a diverse world. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The scope of our study is for the school public teachers of Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija who and perceived albularyo as their alternative forms of treatment. We have a total of 80 respondents, 24 teachers are from Zaragoza National High School, 12 teachers from Sto. Rosario (Y) Elementary School, 12 teachers from F. B. Mesina Elementary School, 12 teachers from Don Cirilio B. Acosta Elementary School, and 20 teachers from Zaragoza Central School . This study does not cover any private school teachers in Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined to enrich understanding of their usage. 1. Alternative medicine- is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered with the scientific method. 2. Purview- the scope of operation or concern of something 3. Rural area- is a geographic area that is located outside cities and towns. 4. Surgery- is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance. 5. Teacher- is a person who provides education for pupils (children) and students (adults). The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. 6. Urban area- is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. 7. Zaragoza is a third class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The Municipality of Zaragoza is located at the southern edge of Nueva Ecija bordering the town of La Paz, Tarlac which, due to its proximity, is more closely economically coherent with each other. CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature FOREIGN LITERATURE Around the time of the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), medical doctors were not considered to fulfill major societal roles. In fact, the practice of medicine was seen as more of a part-time avocation due to the fact that the majority of citizens labeled as doctors also took on full-time occupations such as judge, magistrate, farmer, or merchant. This left little room for private or hospital practice, and as a result, midwives and lay practitioners took care of most medical matters including births, injuries, and illness through the use of herbal medicines and teas, salves, emetics, and purgative medicines. Yet, by the beginning of the 19th century, conventional medicine was beginning to grow. Young men left family businesses, apprenticeships, and clerkships to pursue medicine in prominent colleges around the U. S. Eventually, the use of full-time medical professionals far outweighed the use of midwives and lay practitioners. Despite the growing popularity of the medical profession, patients often labeled conventional medical practices as expensive, imprecise, and dangerous. In response to these concerns, a number of citizens formed the Popular Health Movement (PHM) during the 1830s and 1840s. PHM supporters sought to alter conventional medical practices by incorporating and emphasizing some of the ideas that midwives and lay practitioners had long used to heal their patients. These included herbal remedies, proper nutrition, clean water, exercise, disease prevention, the bodys innate ability to heal itself, and health education. 1 Complementary and alternative medicine is a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health or well-being. Boundaries within CAM and between the CAM domain and that of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed. 2 1 http://www. medaus. com/index. php? view=articlecatid=2%3Atest-area-2id=23%3Athe-history-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-in-the-united-states-and-beyond-option=com_contentItemid=24 2 https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alternative_medicine LOCAL LITERATURE A teacher or schoolteacher is a person who provides education for pupils (children) and students (adults). The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching. 1 A study of alternative medicine in the Philippines is, inevitably, a study of the origins of its people and the amalgam of cultures and influences: Centuries of Spanish colonial rule and the indelible consequences of its religion, hundreds of years of trade with China and assimilation of its healing arts, tribal and provincial diversities with its profusion of folklore and mythologies, all redounding into the Filipinos easy disposition for superstitions and the allure for the esoteric, mystical, and fringe. Certainly, western medicine prevails in the metropolitan areas, with its heart centers and hospitals plush with the accoutrements of modern medicine, in the provincial capitals and cities equipped with the diagnostic machineries essential for the commerce of mainstream medicine. But for the majority of the rural poor including the 1 https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Teacher urban-suburban poor there are the chronic crippling economicdisabilities that make mainstream health care unaffordable, often accessed only as a debt-inducing last resort. For so many in the rural areas, health and healing are consigned and relegated to alternative forms of treatment: hand-me-down herbal concoctions or some form of rural alchemy; prayer-based folkloric therapies; a visit to the faith healer; a consultation with the albularyo or hilot with their bagful of indigenous modalities, dispensing treatments often spiced with a bulong, orasyon or occasional doses of pharmacy-based therapies. 2 The number of faith healers in the Philippines is uncertain; a community in flux, uncountable. They may easily number over ten thousand, many known only in the localitys word-of-mouth directory, preferring to practice in the anonymity and isolation of their deep rural habitats. Only a small number practice bare-handed surgery; and of these, only a handful considered outstanding. 3 2 http://www. stuartxchange. com/AltMedIntro. html 3http://www. stuartxchange. com/FaithHealers. html CHAPTER 3 Method, Procedures and Sources of Data This chapter involves the methodology, research instrument, the sources of data and the statistical treatment of data. METHOD OF RESEARCH The researchers used the descriptive method in this study. A descriptive research is a study that describes the nature of the phenomenon under investigation after a survey of current trends, practices and conditions. Descriptive studies involve analysis of an extremely broad range of phenomena, the result of such analysis are a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of statistical tabulations of data of yield by a survey. 1 SUBJECT OF THE STUDY The respondent of the study were the 24 teachers of Zaragoza National High School, 12 teachers of Sto. Rosario (Y) Elementary School, 12 teachers of F. B. Mesina Elementary School, 12 teachers of Don Cirilio B. Acosta Elementary School and 20 teachers of Zaragoza Central School Their perceptions regarding the effects, advantages and disadvantages of alternative medicine in their life is being discussed. 1 Crestita Barrientos-Tan. , A Research Guide in Nursing Education, 4th Edition. , copyrighted in 1997, 2003, 2006, pg 262 SAMPLING PROCEDURE The researcher will use the simple random sampling wherein the selection of samples on random basis from a sampling frame. Each element has an equal chance or probability of being chosen as subject of the study. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA Statistics is one way of getting the information’s organized. To have a general view of the whole scenario of the study, statistical tool is used. This also includes the scaling system, which is used by the proponents as a technique to monitor the respondent’s interpretation of facts. 2 After the distribution and collection of the instrument, the responses are tallied by using the frequency, mean, weighted mean and ranking. Below are the Formulas used to arrive to the computation used by the Statistical Tool: 2 http://www. scribd. com/doc/11757473/Thesis-Chapter-2-3-Final Where n = number of respondents who are perceived pseudoscience T = total number of respondent. Mean = F(X1 + X2 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Xn) n Where: F = Frequency that a given X was chosen by the respondents X = Represents any of the numerical ratings 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 represents, excellent, very good, good, fair, poor n = Total number of respondents Weighted mean WM = TFV N Where: TFV= stands for total frequency value N= stands for the total number of respondents The response options were assigned could be determined with equivalents and scale below: ValueScaleInterpretation 13. 50=aboveVery dissatisfied 22. 50-3. 49Dissatisfied 31. 50-2. 49Satisfied 41. 49 -belowVery satisfied Please indicate your response to the following statements. | | Strongly Agree| Agree| Disagree| Strongly Disagree| I have faith in traditional healers. | | | | | | | I believe that their supernatural healing-power is given by God. | | | | | | | I have had positive experiences in consulting traditional healers. | | | | | | | I will recommend traditional healers to my friends. | | | | | | | I consult first traditional healers than true doctors. | | | | | | | It is safe to consult traditional healers. | | | | | | | It does not cost expensive. | | | | | | | | What is your reason/s in patronizing traditional healers as your alternative medication? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________| Your co-operation in completing this study by responding to the following questions would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. Mark for your answer. Name of the school: School’s address: Name: Age a. 35 and below__ b. 36-45__ c. 46-55__ d. 56 and above__ Gender a. Male__ b. Female__ Position a. Principal__ b. Head teacher__ c. Master teacher__ d. Classroom teacher__ e. Others: Please kindly state ____________________ Religion a. Roman Catholic__ b. Iglesia Ni Cristo__ c. Born Again__ d. Muslim__ e. Protestant__ f. United Methodist__ g. Others: Please specify __________________ Current Marital Status a. Single__ b. Married__ c. Separated__ d. Divorced__ e. Widowed__ Number of children ____________ Average how long you spend time in consulting traditional healers a. Below 1 hour__ b. 1-2 hours__ c. 2-3 hours__ d. 3 hours and above __ Past or current health problem/s that you consulted to traditional healers (included your family) a. Nakagat ng hayop (aso, ahas atbp) __ b. Nakulam__ c. Nanganak__ d. Namatanda__ e. Nagpatuli__ f. Nausog__ g. Nagpatawak__ h. Nagpahilot__ i. Nagpasuob__ j. Nagpadasal__ k. Others: Please specify _________________ How much money did you spend on consulting traditional healers? a. Below 100 pesos__ b. 100-300 pesos__ c. 300-500 pesos__ d. 500 and above__

Thoreaus ideas Essay Example

Thoreaus ideas Essay Example Thoreaus ideas Essay Thoreaus ideas Essay 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can you find examples of Thoreaus ideas that are utilitarianthat if carried out would provide the most useful approach to human needs and problems?Henry David Thoreau frequently asks rhetorical and often metaphorical questions trying to make his readers think. Book â€Å"Walden†, mainly part â€Å"Economy†, is full of such ideas and statements. Most of this chapter deals with how Henry Thoreau redefines and obtains necessaries of life so that he feels the need for nothing else. In such a way, he can buy himself the broad margin of time which he needs spiritually and intellectually. For Thoreau, such necessities are Food, Shelter, Clothing and Fuel. According to Thoreau, these four things are the ones each person needs to live a complete and mature life. All other things are just the bargain of life which can be refused from.One of the examples of Thoreaus ideas that are utilitarian might be a story about Indian man who learnt how to make baskets. He thinks that if he made the baskets, thus, it is the responsibility of white man to purchase them. However, Indian man did not realize that he did good thing only for himself (learnt skills to make baskets) since white man did not need those baskets at all, whether they are done of high or poor quality. Thoreau considers this problem as the main one in everyday life and tells the readers that one thing which is good for one person is not always good for another one.Another example of utilitarian ideas is clothing which serves â€Å"first, to retain the vital heat, and secondly, in this state of society, to cover nakedness†. However, Henry Thoreau was not prude about clothes and treated it as a simple mean of life (not a treasure as noble people might think).2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How useful, how reasonable, how appealing do you think Thoreaus ideas are today? What lessons (if any) does Thoreau have to teach us? How can we apply such lessons to the modern era?Many ideas of T horeau can be applied to everyday life in modern era. For example, his statement in â€Å"Economy† part of the book â€Å"the mass of men led lives of quiet desperation† can be referred to most readers who feel quietly desperate about the way daily life seems to restrict them. Certainly, every person decides what his/her life necessities and restrictions are. However, because of routine in life many people have â€Å"no time to be anything but a machine†. That is why, Thoreau advises to be a free man â€Å"like the cypress† realizing the most useful and necessary things in life while refusing from things that make our life dull. His phrase â€Å"look through each other’s eyes† inspires readers to look at their lives from other corner and rethink it as Thoreau himself was rethinking his own life.One of his other thoughts is that Nature has adapted to us no matter what our strengths and weaknesses are. This statement should be implemented in a ny time. The same as Nature, we should adapt to its changes and treat it with the same level of respect. Because of Nature we are what we are. Thoreau’s opinion about Nature is especially important nowadays when climate conditions change dramatically in some regions. Considering his opinion, our unwise actions are the main reason of Nature harmful changes.Thoreau’s statement â€Å"men have become the tools of their tools† is even true nowadays because we are dependent on high tech, computers, electricity, and other innovations. Under the conditions of modern era, people stop observing and respecting basic things like nature, human relations, and other being mostly influenced by rapid technical development of the country they live in.All statements and ideas of Henry Thoreau come to one paradox which is typical for him – â€Å"The more you have of such things the poorer you are†. This paradox depends on wealth and poverty definitions of Thoreau made during the whole chapter â€Å"Economy†. Thoreau suggests that â€Å"it is the best to avoid the beginnings of the evil† when we have at least opportunity to stop this process until it is too late.

Draft of the Baltic Sea in Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Draft of the Baltic Sea in Germany - Essay Example First of all, the mines were constructed on fragile ecosystems and hence endangering the survival of wolverines, ptarmigan and also fishmillion (Boutilier & Black 2013). Secondly, the cultural and social lives of the areas like Ekati have been disrupted. Lastly due to inadequate regulatory frameworks in Canada there is no provision that the long term and environmental effects will be handled but the companies in the long term. Just to take an example of Victor mines, the environmental pollutions include the fact that 100,000 m3of salty water is pumped into river Attawapiskatmillion (Boutilier & Black 2013). Consequently, this leads to endangered aquatic lives. Another risk is that 1.2 million cubic meter of muskeg will be cleared. In addition to that, the Methyl mercury released by dewatering muskeg is potentially risky to the environment. In a different aspect, an estimate of 2.5 million rocks from the mines are dumped anywhere in the environment each yearmillion (Boutilier & Black 2013). Some of the rocks are environmental hazards since some contain dangerous chemicals which are swept into the water reservoirs. Last but not least, the area surrounding the mine is the home of woodland caribou and endangered species. This means that the lives of these animals will be further endanger. In conclusion, it is important for each country to make sure that before activities such as mining are approved, both short and long-term effects should be considered. The exploration in Canada should be an example to other countries in the mining industry. Legitimizing industry and multi-sectorial regulation of cumulative impacts: A comparison of mining and energy development in Athabasca, Canada and the Hunter Valley, Australia. Resources Policy, 38(4),

Siop ELL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Siop ELL - Research Paper Example Developing Connections Waterman and Harry (2008) present ten recommendations to guide school staff on how to implement this connection, where we emphasize on: (1) school principals providing explicit support for parent involvement work, (2) offering open-ended meetings involving teachers and parents, and (3) offering parents an English as a second language class or a family literacy program (9-13). The school principal promotes parent-school collaboration through policy, staff decisions, and behaviors (Waterman & Harry, 2008, p. 9). These can be exemplified by being highly concerned with the parents’ questions in meetings, and hiring staff that could work and communicate well with ELL families. In addition, initiating open-ended meetings for parents and select school staff is an avenue for both parties to discuss questions and concerns, and for parents to familiarize the school system, and for practitioners to be aware of the ELLs experiences (10). These assemblies would event ually create a trusting relationship between the school and families, increasing parental involvement.

Academic Writing Skills Guide Essay Example for Free

Academic Writing Skills Guide Essay Introduction Preface to the first edition (2002) We have written this guide for you to help you on the way to becoming proficient in your chosen field of economics or business administration. As you advance in your studies, you will demonstrate your proficiency through the essays, papers, case reports, and other texts that you write. Your writing is thus a marker of your relative expertise in your discipline. Yet, it is also a means in itself. Writing helps you organize your own ideas, discover the strengths and weaknesses in your thinking, and internalize the knowledge you construct. We hope this guide will help you on your way. But like all guides, it does not contain everything. As Voltaire said, â€Å" the best way to be boring is to leave nothing out† This guide acts as a starter – it is up to you to . go deeper. Just as you will find with your writing assignments, we too have gone through the writing process in the construction of this guide. We constructed a plan, consulted numerous sources and people, wrote the text, revised it, and edited it, all the time trying to keep it clear and simple. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay In putting together this guide, we have aimed to follow Ernest Hemingway who said, â€Å" My aim is to put down on paper what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way. †We hope we have succeeded. Henri Mennens, MSc Robert Wilkinson, MSc Second edition (2010) The second edition of this guide to academic writing is a thorough revision of the first edition (2002). Apart from changes to chapter 2, we have significantly changed chapters 3 and 5. In addition, we have completely rewritten chapter 4 on citing and referencing in line with the current (2010) citation and reference norms of the American Psychological Association. Major changes also entail the introduction of many more examples. In addition, the format requirements for submitting papers has changed. 2 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction We have not included information on grammar and punctuation, since we expect students at the School of Business and Economics to have a good command of these aspects on entry. However, we are aware that many users of this guide will wish to seek reassurance in this respect. We recommend users to consult a good grammar book or one of the many good writing sites on the Internet. Robert Wilkinson, MSc Jeannette Hommes, MA NOTE: the Guide is not presented in the format that you have to present your papers (see section 5). However, where extracts of student essays are given, these are in the required format. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the many people and sources we have consulted during the construction of this guide. In particular, we would like to express thanks to Henri Mennens for his work on the first edition, and Keith Campbell of the Language Centre who adapted the first edition of this guide in 2006. We also thank the Academic Writing tutors of the Language Centre for their inputs and the many students who have made use of the first edition. Furthermore, we are indebted to Mike Hannay and Lachlan Mackenzie, whose book Effective writing in English: A resource guide (both the 1996 and 2002 editions) has been a major source of information for chapters 2 and 3. We acknowledge the American Psychological Association whose â€Å" Publication manual† (American Psychological Association, 6th ed. , 2010) has been an excellent support in the construction of chapter 4 in this guide. Finally, we are grateful to the Director of the School of Business and Economics for supporting the production of this second edition. 3 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction 1. Introduction Academic writing covers the wide range of specific writing tasks that you are required to write during the course of your academic studies: papers, reports, literature reviews, projects, case studies, dissertations, theses, research papers, and articles. Some of these text types are quite rare outside the academic environment (papers, literature reviews, dissertations, theses); others (reports, projects, etc.) may well be aiming at a much broader public. However, what they all have in common is a similar type of reader: a person educated in the specialist field (here economics or business studies), and usually acting as a professional in that field. These target readers represent the professional community of which you aim to become a member. To be accepted as member requires you to meet the norms and standards that the professional community expects. Thus with regard to writing, you are expected to adhere to the norms expected by the (international) academic community. Compare this to a relay race in athletics. In the relay race, you run with three other runners. If you are one of the two middle runners, you have to collect the baton smoothly from the previous runner and pass it on to the next runner. In the relay race your team runs against other teams (your local community). All of you have to run according to the set of rules agreed by the sports governing body (the professional community). If you do not, your team may be disqualified. The rules set the framework for a potentially great race, and within the rules there is vast scope for individual flair and talent. So with academic writing: you have to write according to the ‘ rules’ but to write well demands your own indi, vidual talent and enterprise. Just as a highly skilled athlete knows how to use the rules to his advantage, so an expert writer uses the norms and standards of professional academic writing to persuade readers of the power of his argument. We should not extend this athletics analogy too far: sports have clear sets of rules that everyone can read and study; academic writing does not. What a professional academic field has is a set of overt norms, such as a style guide. This guide is based on the editorial style requirements described in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). Alongside these is a set of covert norms that are just as powerful. Examples of the covert norms will be the nature of argumentation that is considered acceptable in the field. Covert norms are hidden and therefore take a long time to acquire. Most novice writers acquire them through extensive reading in the field, and by paying active attention to the way other writers use 4 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction language. This process of acquisition demands close observation of how expert writers use words and expressions differently in different types of text, e. g. literature reviews or case studies in a single field (e. g. marketing). Academic papers (and most other forms of academic writing) are typically expository or argumentative. An expository or informative paper describes or explains a particular set of phenomena, and provides an account of why these phenomena are found in one or more specific situations or contexts. The goal of the expository paper is also to acquaint the reader with a body of knowledge. An argumentative or persuasive paper must choose a side, make a case for it, consider and refute alternative arguments, and prove to the undecided reader that the opinion it presents is the best one. You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is always best to take a side that you believe in, preferably with the most supporting evidence. To develop a good academic paper you should go through a number of stages, called the writing process. The following seven stages can be distinguished: The writing process 1. Thinking stage 2. Research stage 3. Outline stage 4. Drafting stage 5. Revising stage 6. Editing stage 7. Final version stage } } Planning process Transfer in a first draft output Revising editing Final output Figure 1. Stages of the writing process 1. Thinking stage In this stage you determine your topic area (which may of course already be given), brainstorm about ideas on the topic, select, reject and focus those ideas, before arriving at your final choice. 5 Guide to Academic Writing Skills. Introduction 2. Research stage Here you search for and study background literature and other materials, analyse the results, draw your own conclusions and interpretations, etc. 3. Outline stage In this stage you draft an outline of the paper you intend to write, setting out your main aim or purpose in the paper (the purpose statement or thesis statement), sketch how you will develop the points that follow from the purpose, and indicate how you will conclude the paper. 4. Drafting stage Here you put down on screen successively improved versions of your paper. 5. Revising stage In this stage you scan your work on a macro level for logical coherence, checking whether you need to add or delete information, whether sections need rephrasing for clarification. 6. Editing stage Here you edit your text on a micro level, checking the grammar, spelling, punctuation, in-text citations, references and the layout. 7. Final version stage In this stage you set out the final paper neatly and clearly. Writing a paper is recursive: you do not start at the beginning, and work through straight to the end, and that is that. At all times you will be ‘ backtracking’ ‘ or looping’so that as you are , writing your first draft, you may discover you need to add more information and have to return to the research stage. During the revising stage, you may discover that your original plan was too broad, and so decide to cut out a whole section. You may produce several revised versions of the paper before your final version. Do not forget to allow yourself plenty of time between writing your first draft and your final version. Figure 2 illustrates the three groups of actions in writing a paper, the planning process, the transfer, and revision and editing. The figure emphasizes the recursive nature of writing a paper in that each action not only feeds into the next but feeds back into the previous actions, entailing revision of those actions. 6 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction â€Å" You may start with a plan, conduct some research (reading, library and/or Internet search), analyse and then synthesize the information you have acquired, construct a question or a statement that you will examine, draft an outline, write a rough draft of the introduction, start writing the body, then stop. You go back, conduct some more research, adjust your outline, rewrite the body, write a bit more, adjust the introduction, perhaps adjust the statement of your purpose, then stop again. You conduct more research, rewrite the body again, draft a conclusion, go back to the introduction, adjust the purpose, rewrite the introduction, then stop. You let the paper ‘ simmer’for a while, then reread it, adjusting here and there for content accuracy, perhaps search or check for a contrary argument, throw out less relevant parts of the paper, check the logical development of your ideas and arguments, and wrap up the conclusion. Then you check again for spelling (using the spellchecker, but also reading carefully word by word), check for grammar (using the grammar checkers wisely), check all punctuation, check the layout, check the citations and the references. You check too for sentence length (eliminate very long, rambling sentences), check paragraph structure (particularly if the topic of the paragraph changes in the paragraph – check the subjects of the main verbs), check the logical links between paragraphs and sections. And so on. † Figure 2: The writing process and its recursive nature (Bruer, 1993). This guide is organized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the planning process, describing the planning activities and the construction of an outline. Chapter 3 elaborates on the structuring of the paper, through a detailed discussion of the three parts of a paper, introduction, body, and conclusion. Moreover, structuring a paper effectively requires that you write wellconstructed paragraphs: this chapter also provides brief guidelines on paragraph organization. Chapter 4 explains the importance of citing sources and giving references, and provides guidelines how to put them in the paper in a correct way. Chapter 5 concentrates on finalizing the paper. This chapter discusses the format requirements, text revision and the evaluation of the paper. To conclude, this guide helps you to master the process of academic writing, which you can apply to the specific writing assignments during the course of your academic studies. It specifies the elements necessary to a successful academic paper. But keep in mind two things. First, each assignment will be different and require a different organization. Second, writing is a skill; 7 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction  you only get better at a skill through regular practice. Regular practice leads to routine and expertise. The application of the principles of this guide can be of use until your last writing examination: the final thesis. However, this guide just contains a brief summary of the different topics discussed. For more information you should consult literature, especially the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, 6th ed. , in the University Library), and the Internet. Besides, keep in mind that the writing process is not just simply following a set of rules. Try to develop your own style, expertise and talent, in order to distinguish yourself. Good luck with your writing career! 8 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 2. The planning process In order to get a good start to writing your paper, it is important that you go successfully through the planning process. This chapter describes the different activities of the planning process. Then, section 2. 2 discusses the most important stage of the planning process: the construction of an outline. 2. 1. The planning activities. During the planning process, according to Hannay and Mackenzie (2002), you are concerned with six major activities: 1 Generating ideas for the content. Ideas for content can come from several sources: from your own knowledge, from discussions with other people, and from various media sources (written texts, audio-visual media and electronic media). Brainstorming techniques help you to generate ideas in the first two categories. 2 Selecting and classifying points. Here you are concerned with ordering your ideas. Analyse them to determine the extent to which they are connected with each other. Ideas and concepts that are highly connected are likely to form key points in your texts. Those which are less closely connected may form essential supporting topics, or may need to be abandoned. Some may require more development. Always be prepared to get rid of ideas that prove not to be relevant to your argument. 3 Establishing your perspective. In this activity you need to decide what angle you are going to take with your material. Are you taking a historical perspective, or only discussing the present situation? Are you taking an objective position, or are you bringing in your own personal standpoint? Are you taking a general viewpoint, or only a specific case? Are you looking at the matter from your home country’ perspective? Are you discussing a general issue or only a nas tional situation? 9 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 4 Determining your intention. Now you need to consider what you want to do with the text. Do you want to present both sides of an argument equally, or do you want to present only one side? Do you need to give examples, or will your argumentation be sufficient on its own? Do you want to persuade the reader of your opinion, or are you only wishing to describe the matter? Do you want just to present a problem, or do you want to offer solutions as well? What you are going to do with your text must become very clear to the reader in the thesis statement: this statement directs the readers to the purpose of the text. 5 Formulating a draft title, structuring the introduction and conclusion. Here you should set down a working title and devise a draft structure for the introduction and the conclusion. At this stage your drafting should only be provisional: you should write the actual version only after you have written the body of the  paper. This is because you do need to know what your introduction is indeed introducing, and you need to know what your conclusion is concluding. A useful rule of thumb is: Plan your introduction, then your conclusion, and then your body, but write your body, then your conclusion and then your introduction. 6 Drafting paragraph themes. At this stage, go back to the ideas (themes) you have selected and classified. Now you have to decide which will be suitable for your text. Each theme usually is the basis for a single paragraph. Each theme too will require sufficient development; so do not try to include too many. As a rough guide, you probably cannot treat adequately more than about 4 themes in a 1000-word paper (roughly 3 pages), while a 2500-word paper (roughly 6 pages) will seem overwhelming if it includes more than 9 or 10 themes. Once you have selected your themes, list the points that you need to make to support the theme in the paragraph. 2. 2. The planning outline The goal of the planning outline is to help you organize your ideas, and present them in a logical order. It serves to identify the relationships between the ideas: it allows you to see how related ideas can be grouped together, and which ideas you can cut out, and which ideas need more support. A good outline helps you to maintain the direction in your paper, and prevents you from getting distracted into irrelevant information. 10 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process Figure 3 lists six steps that may be considered in the development of a planning outline. 1 Decide the purpose of your paper and the audience you are writing for. 2. Develop a statement in which you define the goal or purpose of your paper (commonly called thesis statement). This clarifies what you are going to present or argue in the paper. At this stage you may not have a definitive version of this statement. 3 List all the important points you want to handle in the paper. These points have to be split in three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The points in the introduction include the items that lead to the purpose or thesis statement (so-called background information), and a statement of the purpose or goal that should now be defined precisely. When you are planning your paper, you will group all your ideas around one central theme. This theme forms the core of your purpose or thesis statement or research question. The points in the body have to be logically organized so that they follow from your purpose and lead towards the conclusion. In a larger paper (for example a Master’ thesis), you usually develop a set of subquestions, covering the s points that lead to an answer to the research question. By answering step by step the different subquestions in the body, you can draw a structured and well-founded conclusion at the end. The points in the conclusion include the summary of the facts that lead to an answer to the statement or question you started with and the answer itself. 4 Categorize the points in the body under general headings so that you can identify which points need more development (e. g. you have to do more reading) and which points are not useful or relevant (delete these). Choose precise, concrete words for the headings: avoid vague terms. Relate the headings to the purpose of your paper. If your paper is describing a situation, you are more likely to choose noun structures for headings (for example: Failure of Bretton Woods). If your paper is oriented to action, you may choose verbal structures; typically -ing forms in English (for example: Reforming the auditor’ duties). s 5 Work out how one idea follows logically from the previous one. Note down how you will make the transitions from point to point. This is a key step, but one that is often underrated. Failure to think out the transitions in the planning stage can cost you more time in the revising stage. 6 Finally, look back at the whole outline, and check that you are satisfied that it all hangs together logically and conceptually. Now you are ready to start writing. Figure 3. Six steps in the planning process. Outlines are generative. They are most useful if you modify them as you write in line with new thoughts or information. Some of you may find that a simple, less detailed written outline is sufficient – you may be very competent in holding the full structure in your mind – but you may add more detailed points to the outline as you progress. Most of you, however, find that a relatively detailed outline on paper is an effective reminder of what the goal of your paper is and of what you have selected from the literature, and an efficient guide to how far you have come. 11 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process An outline as a simple list of points (see Figure 4, box a) may not help you organize and structure your paper. A more organized outline (see Figure 4, box b) will help you see how the different parts hang together and may facilitate the writing. Many American writing textbooks and websites provide detailed guidance on writing outlines. Under the American convention, outlines are structured using the following symbols (Roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals). This is only a convention used in the writing process: it is not part of APA style, and under no circumstances should it be used in the final paper (see for example Purdue University’ Online Writing Lab: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/544/03/). Box c (Figs ure 4) illustrates the framework using the American conventions. a Unhelpful outline Topic: The Struggle for the Mobile Phone Market 1. Description of the European mobile phone market. 2. Major players: Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens. 3. Focus of youth market. b Structured outline 4. Future trends in the market European Commission case on choline chloride cartel 1. Introduction 1. 1. Background to case: choline chloride cartel 1. 2. Aim of paper (thesis): European Commission took the right decision to fine the firms, because they had formed a cartel, but the fines are not sufficient to discourage cartel forming in the future. Key economic issues 2. 1. Market description 2. 1. 1. Producers 2. 1. 2. Consumers 2. 2. Agreements 2. 2. 1. Price fixing 2. 2. 2. Market sharing Economic impact on competition 3. 1. Fixed prices raised income for producers 3. 2. Market sharing reduced competition 3. 3. Economic impact of cartel (Perloff) 3. 3. 1. Oligopoly 3. 3. 2. Welfare analysis European Commission decision 4. 1. That the market is an oligopoly 4. 2. That the market is not competitive 4. 3. Punishment for firms 4. 3. 1. Fines 4. 3. 2. Leniency ruling Conclusions 5. 1. Summary 5. 2. Price setting agreements have a big impact on the market 5. 3. Fines based on gravity and duration of infringement 5. 4. Leniency: fines not high enough to discourage cartel formation in future. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 Guide to Academic Writing Skills c Classic formal outline (American style) I. II. First item Second item A. sub-item B. sub-item 1. sub-sub-item 2. sub-sub-item Third item. The planning process III. Figure 4. Examples of outlines. 13 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. Structuring On the basis of the outline, described in the previous chapter, it is now possible to continue with the structure of your paper. You started the structuring process already in steps three and four of the construction of an outline, described in section 2. 2. The structuring process continues by implementing these steps in the paper, starting with the introduction. Section 3. 1 discusses the structuring process of the introduction, section 3. 2. covers the middle part (or body), and section 3. 3. the discussion and conclusion. Structuring a paper effectively also requires that you write well-constructed paragraphs. This is discussed briefly in section 3. 4. 3. 1. The introduction The introduction has three functions, all of which must be present. First, it sets the context by introducing the topic of your paper. This is called the background information. This information leads to the second function: it specifies the purpose of the paper. Finally, the introduction contains a short outline of how you are going to handle the aspects of your topic in the rest of the paper. Any introduction in which one of these functions is missing is necessarily incomplete. The length of the introduction varies from one paragraph to several pages, depending on the total length of the paper. Three other factors influence the length. First, how familiar are your readers with the context? If, for example, you are writing about small and medium-sized businesses in Nepal, you may have to explain much more of the Nepalese background for readers who are less familiar with that country, since the readers may wish to compare Nepalese SMEs with those in other developing countries. Second, what the type of paper (or genre) are you writing? If, for example, you are writing a review of the academic literature on internet auction markets, your introduction might be quite short, since you will include the information from your review in the middle of your paper. Similarly, if you are examining a competition case from, say, the European Commission or the US Department of Justice, then you may not need much background information, for you can refer almost straightaway to the case. On the other hand, in a paper in which you argue a point of view (e.g. the abolition of export subsidies), then you may need to present adequate background information before introducing your pur- 14 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring pose. Third, what economics or business discipline are you addressing? The length of introductions may differ between econometrics, labour economics, marketing, strategic management, and so on. It is wise to check by reading relevant previous papers in the target discipline and the target genre, as well as taking the readers’ familiarity into account. Nevertheless, as a useful rule of thumb, it is valuable to think of your introduction as being about one-eighth of the length of the text you are writing. Thus, the introduction to a 1000word paper would be about 125 words; the introduction to a 10,000-word dissertation would contain about 1250 words, and may well appear as a short chapter in its own right. So treat the one-eighth concept as a guideline, not as a straightjacket. Writing the introduction depends heavily on personal preference. Some writers like to know exactly how they will begin before they start to elaborate the text they are aiming to write; other writers prefer to know what they have written first, and then write the introduction to fit it, so that it leads to the purpose statement. Yet, a good rule of thumb is to write a draft introduction that leads to your purpose statement, then write the whole text, right to the conclusion, progressively editing as you go along. Only then do you return to your introduction and adjust or rewrite it so that it does indeed fit your paper neatly and satisfyingly. 3. 1. 1. The background information The introduction prepares the readers for what follows. Thus, the introduction has an orientation function. Thus, it should therefore present enough background information so that the readers will recognize that the middle of your paper follows logically and coherently from the introduction you need to pay attention to what the reader can be expected to know already and what will be new. Your introduction is more effective when it progresses from the known to the unknown (Figure 5). 15 Guide to Academic Writing Skills. Structuring Prediction markets and their applicability for organizational decision making 1. Introduction Whether firms are successful or not depends to a great extent on their decisions about new products. Therefore, top management has large Background information (known less known) incentives to have as accurate information as possible on future demand and success of new products. Usual methods of gathering this information include customer surveys and expert opinions. Often, however, these approaches are very inaccurate and misleading. In order to avoid problems linked to the two methods mentioned above, firms came to think about whether or not to make use of prediction markets as information gathering tools (Ho Chen, 2007). New information (topic) Prediction markets, also known as information markets or future events (Wolfers Zitzewitz, 2004), are markets in which price is used as an indicator of the probability that a certain event will occur in the future (Manski, 2006). Market participants buy and sell contracts of the particular event they think will be likely to take place and they receive money when they betted correctly (Wolfers Zitzewitz, 2004). This Purpose of paper paper investigates the question whether or not firms should engage in prediction markets to make informed decisions. Outline Firstly, it explains some general aspects of prediction markets. Secondly, it describes examples of this forecasting tool, focusing for illustration on the Iowa Electronic Market and finally it compares benefits and disadvantages of implementing prediction markets in businesses. Figure 5. Example of an introduction from a first-year business paper. 16 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. 1. 2. The purpose statement The purpose statement is a vital component in academic papers. It marks the high point of the introduction. This statement is a clear expression of the purpose that your paper is expected to assert, explain, support, or defend (Fulwiler Hayakawa, 2000). It summarizes the main idea of a paper and makes that idea explicit to the readers. The statement answers the questions the critical reader has: â€Å" what? Why does this paper exist? What’ it all about? † So s In the literature on academic writing, you will meet the term ‘ thesis statement’ This term cov.ers the statement that the writer is going to argue in his or her paper. Strictly speaking, it is relevant to argumentative papers where you are advancing a claim (the thesis), and then in the paper you present the arguments (evidence) that demonstrates whether the claim holds. An example of an argumentative paper is a position paper in which you set out a particular theoretical position (opinion) based on arguments (evidence). Many papers that you write will not be essentially argumentative papers. You may often simply be explaining a phenomenon or showing and analysing data. Sometimes, you may simply be answering an exploratory question. However, all papers do require a statement or question that neatly summarizes what you are going to do in your paper (see Table 1). Table 1. Types of papers and associated purpose statements*. Type of paper Argumentative paper Purpose as: expressed Explanation You argue a proposition (claim). You present the arguments (evidence) for and against the claim, and decide whether the claim is supported or not. You start with a question about a phenomenon, and devise one or more hypotheses that you will test in your research. Your experimental paper reports the results. Example Government action to restrict the bonuses paid to investment bankers is unwise because it is harmful to the economy as a whole. Are poor people more generous than rich people? Poor people will give a larger percentage of a monetary gift to poor people than rich people will. Thesis statement Experimental per pa- Research question; hypothesis 17 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring Exploratory analysis data Research question You conduct a survey or a series of interviews, for example, but do not have an explicit hypothesis before you start. You have a research question, but do not know in advance what the answers may be. How much do students know about financing small and medium-sized businesses? Or: This paper explores the knowledge students have about the financing of †¦ This paper reviews recent experimental research into the principal-agent relationship. This paper examines whether the economic grounds for approving the merger were sound. OR: Were the economic grounds for approving the merger sound? The European Commission was justified in fining the lift manufacturers as their cartel had distorted competition and reduced consumer welfare.